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according to the book learning involves

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a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience

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the researcher most closely associated with the study of classical conditioning is

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Ivan Pavlov

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After Pavlov had conditioned a dog to salivate to atone, he repeatedly sounded the tone without presenting the food. As a result, ( ) occured

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Extinction

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After experiencing inescapable brutalities as a prisoner in a Nazi concentration camp, Mr. sternberg became apathetic stopped eating and gave up all efforts to physically survive the ordeal. Mr. Sternberg's reaction most clearly illustrates

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learned helplessness

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Little Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was paired with a loud noise. In this case, the loud noise was the

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unconditioned stimulus

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In classical conditioning, an organism forms associations between

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events that it does not control

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a skinner box is a

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chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate

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which of the following is true of positive and negative reinforcers

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positive reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding

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An event that decreases the behavior that precedes it is a

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punishment

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Some psychologists believe that rats develop mental representations of mazes they have explored. These representations have been called

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cognitive maps

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Madison learned how to make a 3 point basketball shots by successfully making very short shots before shooting form increasingly longer distances from the hoop. This learning strategy best illustrates the process of

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Shaping

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both classical and operant conditioning are forms of

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Associative Learning

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Blake wears his baseball hat backward because he noticed his older brother does so. This best illustrates

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Modeling

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In a well known experiment, preschool children pounded and kicked a large inflated Bobo doll that an adult had just beaten on. This experiment served to illustrate the importance of

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Observational Learning

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Mr. E has stopped smoking because he wants to model healthy behavior patterns for his children. Mr. E is apparently aware of the importance of ( ) in his children's development

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Observational Learning

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Conditioning is the process of

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learning associations

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in Pavlov's experiments, the dog's salivation triggered by the taste of food was

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Unconditioned reponse

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Long after being bitten by a stray dog, Tommy found that his fear of dogs seemed to have disappeared. To his surprise, however, when he was recently confronted by a stray dog, he experienced a sudden twinge of anxiety. This sudden anxiety best illustrates

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Spontaneous Recovery

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Watson and Rayner's study of Little Albert demonstrated how specific fears

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May be produced through classical conditioning

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In which form of learning is behavior said to be influenced by its consequences?

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Operant conditioning

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you would be most likely to use operant conditioning to teach a dog to

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Retrieve sticks and balls

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What is the difference between a primary and a conditioned reinforcer?

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Primary reinforcers are learned and innately satisfying; conditioned reinforcers are learned

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Tony quit gambling after he lost more than a thousand dollars betting on horse races. This best illustrates the effects of

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Punishment

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The desire to engage in an activity for the sake of its own enjoyment involves

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Intristic

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Zach happents to wear a red shirt when he takes a test he expects to fail. Surprisingly, he does well on the test, so he wears the red shirt every time he takes a test. Which of the following explains Zach's superstitious behavior?

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any behavior that is accidentally reinforced is mre likely to be repeated

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a learned association between two stimuli is central to

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classical conditioning

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our ability to learn by witnessing the behavior of others best illustrates

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Observational learning

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Bandura's experiments indicate that ( ) is important in the process of learning

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modeling

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John and Jane are concerned with teaching their children to act prosocially. Social learning psychologists would advise them to

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make sure their own actions and works are consistent

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As you enter the kitchen after school, you smell chocolate chip cookies baking. This scent causes you to salivate. Your salivation is best explained by

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classical conditioning

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In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the CS was

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the sound of a bell

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Little Albert was conditioned by John B Watson to fear furry white rats. After conditioning Albert also showed fear to rabbits, dogsm and fur coats. This best Illustrates

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Generilization

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Animals most readily learn the specific associations that promote

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Survival

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Alexis is addicted to drugs. The room in which she usually takes them is likely to become ( ) for drugs cravings

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CS

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Learning associations between one's own personal actions and resulting events is most relevant to the process of

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Operant conditioning

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On Monday, Amber's mother gave her cookies and milk after she had played quietly for 10 minutes. On Tuesday, she required 20 minutes of play before treat time, and on Wednesday the cookeries were given to her only after a full half hour of quiet play. Amber was taught to play quietly for extended periods through

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Shaping

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to quickly teach a dog to roll over on command, you would be best advised to use

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immediate reinforcers rather than delayed reinforcers

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a young child who is spanked after running into the street learns not to repeat this behavior. In this case =, the spanking is a

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positive punishment

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tiana grows roses for the sheer joy of it; Liz grows them to sell at a profit. tiana's behavior reflects ( ), whereas Liz's behavior relfects ( )

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Intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation

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If Jason gets hit after tapping the plate with the bat, he is more likely to repeat that behavior the next time he's up to the plate. Which of the following best explains this superstitious behavior

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Reinforced behavior, even if it is accidental is more likely to be repeated

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After being classically conditioned to salivate to bell, a dog continues to hear the bell but does not receive food, as a result, salivation will decrease, then disappear. A dog owner may use operat conditioning to train a dog to sit by presenting a treat each time the dog sits. However the behavior may diminish if the treats discontinued. Both examples illustrate

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Extinction

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Mirror neurons provide a biological basis for

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Observational learning

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In his classic study, Albert Bandura found that children exposed to an adult model who behaved aggressively b bearing a up a Bobo doll

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imitated the adult's actions

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children of abusive parents often learn to be aggressive by imitating their parents this illustrates the importance of

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observational learning

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a dramatic increase in children's violent play immediately after they viewd a video of the Power Rangers illustrates the role of television as source of

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observational learning

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children learn to fear spoders more easily than they learn to fear flowers this best illustrates the impact of ( ) on learing

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Biological predispositions

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A patient who had long feared going into elevators was told b his therapist to force himself to enter 20 elevators a day. The therapist most likely wanted to encourage the ( ) of the patient's fear

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Extinction

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Because Nathan was spanked on several occasions for biting electric cods, he no longer does,. nathan's behavior change best illustrates the value of

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Operant conditioning

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an event that increases that frequency of the behavior that is follows is a

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reinforcer

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a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a

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specified time period has passed

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