Chapter 52 UA
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freshly voided urine collected in in a clean container
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Random Specimen
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specimen is to be collected when patient arises in the morning
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First Morning Specimen
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these specimens are most concentrated and best for nitrite and protein determination, bacterial culture, pregnancy test and microscopic exam
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Random and First Morning
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collected two hours after a meal and used in diabetes screening and home diabetes testing
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Two Hour Post Prandial
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collected over 24 hours to provide quantitative chemical analysis such as hormone levels and creatinine clearance rates
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24 hour Specimen
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collected to determine glucose levels, first void of the morning is discarded and the second void of the day is collected
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Second Voided Specimen
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a physician, physicians assistant or nurse must insert a sterile catheter into the bladder to collect specimen
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Catheterized Specimen
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used to detect the presence of ketones
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Acetest
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average urine output per day
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750 to 2000 mL
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what hormone in urine is related to pregnancy
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hCG
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what hormone in urine is related to ovulation
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LH
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what hormone in urine is related to menopause
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FSH
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which is most accurate method for drug screening blood or urine
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Blood
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urine of a child with PKU is said to smell...
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Mousy
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what about urine can be changed or caused by disease, presence of bacteria or diet
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Odor
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a person with this might have a fruity smell to urine because of the presence of ketones
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Diabetes
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an ammonia or putrid smell can be caused by...
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Infection
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range of urine colors
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Pale straw to yellow to amber
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a diluted urine specimen should be what color
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Pale
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a more concentrated urine specimen would be what color
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Darker Yellow
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variations of this in urine may be caused by diet, medication and disease
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Color
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sealed glass float with a calibrated paper scale in its stem; spun in urine sample; value read at meniscus
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Urinometer
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measures refraction of light through solids in a liquid
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Refractometer
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pad on strip contains a chemical that detects specific gravity in the range of 1.005 to 1.030; CLIA waived test
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Reagent Strip
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normal range for specific gravity in chemical UA
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1.005 to 1.030
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normal range for pH in chemical UA
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5.5 to 8
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if this is in urine its a sign of renal disease in the chemical UA
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Protein
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protein accumulates and precipitates in the kidney tubules; takes on size and shape of kidney tubules
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Casts
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in urine this is the end product of fat metabolism
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Ketones
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in urine this indicates infection or trauma
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Blood
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minute quantities normally present in urine not detected
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Glucose
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degree of acidity or alkalinity of the urine; freshly voided urine has a pH range of 5.5 to 8
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pH
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breakdown of hemoglobin in urine
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Bilirubin
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normally present in urine in small amounts; increased amounts with RBC destruction and in liver disease
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Urobilinogen
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due to bacterial breakdown of nitrate; a common component of urine; positive test result indicates UTI
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Nitrite
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normal range for urobilinogen in urine
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0.1 to 1
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Urinometer, Refractometer and Reagent Strip are instruments used to measure?
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Specific Gravity
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what's the timeframe for processing urine and where should it be stored?
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1 hour and in fridge
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liver disease or infectious mononucleosis may be detected by what chemical component
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Bilirubin
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because direct light causes decomposition of this, urine samples must be protected from light until testing is complete
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Bilirubin
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in room temperature this evaporates so urine should be tested immediately or tightly covered and refrigerated
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Ketones
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test performed to check for glucose in urine; most accurate reagent strip testing method with urine for diabetes
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Clinitest
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urine volume should be 12mL, specimen centrifuged for 5 minutes at force of 400 g, standardized slide used to view sediment, consistent reporting format used
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Quality Control
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in the urine this may indicate vaginal contamination or infection; common in urine of diabetes patients
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Yeast
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resembles RBCs in urine; to differentiate drop of sediment is placed on reagent RBCs react this doesn't
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Yeast
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formed when protein accumulates and precipitates in kidney tubules and is washed into urine
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Casts
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certain types are associated with renal pathologic conditions, others are physiologic and caused by strenous exercise
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Casts
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common in urine particularly if the specimen has been allowed to cool; can be caused by medications like antibiotics
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Crystals
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may be indicative of cells, bacteria, yeast, vaginal contaminents or crystals
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Turbidity
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a pH value below 7 indiactes this
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Acidity
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a pH value above 7 indicates this
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Alkalinity
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filtered at the glomerulus but under normal conditions most of it is reabsorbed in the tubules
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Glucose
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presence of intact RBCs in urine; can be caused by irritation of ureters, bladder or urethra, common in cystitis & kidney stones
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Hematuria
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presence of hemolyzed RBCs; result of intravascular RBC destruction
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Hemoglobinuria
