Flashcards on Chapter 5 Sections 2 & 3
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entrepreneur
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risk takers who started new ventures within the economic system called free enterprise; worked with the economic system
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capitalism
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economic system in which most businesses are privately owned unlike communism or some oligarchy systems or socialism
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laissez-faire
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in French meaning "allow to do"
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laissez-faire
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it refers to a system where companies are allowed to conduct business without interference of the government
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social darwinism
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it is when a there were huge inequalities under capitalism
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social darwinism
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a view of society based on charles darwin's scientific theory of natural selection; survival of the fittest
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john d. rockefeller
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American industrialist and philanthropist; he made a fortune in the oil business and used vertical and horizontal integration to establish a monopoly on the steel business
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john d. rockefeller
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he had the company Standard Oil which is now Exon Mobil; he created a monopoly on the oil. By 1875 Standard Oil refined over 50% of oil in the US. He gave his money to colleges and other good causes
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Andrew Carnegie
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American industrialist and humanitarian; he focused his attention on steel making and made a fortune through his vertical integration method
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Andrew Carnegie
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he sold his steel company for $480 million dollars and was the richest man at the time, he sells his company to JP Morgan
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Andrew Carnegie
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he adds the Bessemer Process which increases other industries. The Bessemer Process is what is going to change the steel industry process forever
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Cornelius Venderbilt
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He began investing in railroads during the Civil War; and American business leader who controlled the New York Central Railroad and up to 4500 miles of tracks.He donates $1 million to a Tennessee University
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Cornelius Vanderbilt
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he is known as "Commodore" because he started his business in the shipping industry and then made his way to be a part of the railroad business; they will donate money to education, conservation, or whatever charity they want
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George Pullman
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made his fortune by designing the sleeper car that made long distance travel more comfortable. in 1881 he built a company town near Chicago for his employees. The town of ____ had comfortable homes, shops, a church, and a library. the company controlled many aspects of life
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Sherman Antitrust Act
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a law that made it illegal to create monopolies or trusts that restrained free trade. the act was ineffective, however, since the government prosecuted only a few companies
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Thomas Alva Edison
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American inventor of over 1000 patents
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Thomas Alva Edison
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he created: the light bulb, established a power plant that supplied electricity to NYC, he invented the filament that goes in a light bulb to make it commercially viable, he created a working lavatory in which he will hire other inventors to work for him to create projectors and motion pictures
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by making steel faster, cheaper, help with railroads, and taller buildings. The Bessemer Process is how people make cheap steel.
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How does new steel making technology help American industry to grow?
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it provided gas and petroleum products, going to link with transportation and it will be linked with the oil industry
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What was the importance of oil to the Industrial Revolution?
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Dawes Act
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purpose is to assimilate Native Americans into American culture and it will divide Indian reservations into sections of land giving qualified Indian adults their own land to form or ranch
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Homestead Act
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passed by the US, Congress is going to give to qualified people 160 acres of public land if they will build a house to improve the land and farm it for 5 years; and if they do it becomes their land
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Morill Act
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in which the Federal government gives money to the states in the west to create colleges geared towards agricultural interests; generally called agricultural mechanical colleges like Texas A&M
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Central Pacific and Union Pacific
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the ones the make of the continental railroad; contracted the span of the continent
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cities were built and parries were settled; it linked the east and the west creating a railroad network, enhanced long term transportation, promoted trade, and provided jobs
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What would be the long term effects of the transcontinental railroad?
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a business that is free of government control
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What was Laissez-Faire Capitalism?
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it had many kinds of products under one roof, they did not have to travel more than one place; they were something new at that moment and what they are used to are specialty store not everything all in one
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what was the innovative about the department store?
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it would allow for unrestricted competition and the idea that if one works harder than their competitor they will compete more; this allowed stronger people to prosper and weaker people would fall
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why would business leaders welcome the philosophy of Social Dwarfism?
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Knights of Labor: they were the first effective group, they accepted unskilled and skilled workers (women, African Americans, and even employers) they campaigned for an 8 hour work day , the end of labor, and equal pay for equal work Samuel Gompers: formed the American Federation of Labor (AFL) which won wage increases and shorter work week Eugene V. Debs: urged his members not to work on trains that included Pullman cars and founded the American Railroad Union, he will eventually run for president as a candidate of the socialism party
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Explain the significance of the Knights of Labor, Samuel Gompers, and Eugene V. Debs.
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Children, immigrants, and rural whites that had moved to the city
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What groups of people worked in factories during the late 1800s?
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cable cars, trains, street cars, trolleys, steamboats, sailing ships, electric trains, subways
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What types of mass transit were used in the 1800s?
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they needed railroads and telegraphs for more efficient communication, and the tracks furnished the telegraph wires; train stations had telegraph offices and the telegraph wires are put up with the railroads and so they were built together
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why did railroads and the telegraph expand together?
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they are important in America life today because we still use all of the things that he invented
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how important are Edison's inventions in America life today
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Ellis island
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an island in New York Harbor that is mostly used by Europeans
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Ellis Island
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it was an entry point for 12 million immigrants to the US between 1892-1954; perhaps the most famous immigration station in the mainland of the US
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Americanization
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the process in which immigrants were forced to abandon their traditional cultures and adopt to cultures of white Americans; immigrants are assimilated to American society (blend in)
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Tenement
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poorly built, over crowded housing where many immigrants lived; filthy dwelling places which for immigrants was their first stop, it was cheapest but most unsafe to live; poo ventilation
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tenement
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within walking distance of factories; many working women held jobs outside of the home
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settlement house
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neighborhood center staffed by professionals and volunteers for education, recreation, and social activities in poor areas
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settlement house
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a location in which immigrants can go to learn the language and skills and also they can sometimes get meals where their children can stay during the days while parents are at work or finding work and they are not government sponsored but are by wealthy people or church groups (think of St. Joseph's Diner)
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Jane Adams
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founded one of the first American settlement houses called Hull House in Chicago in 1889
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Social Gospel
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the idea that religious faith should be expressed through good works; they believe that your faith should be expressed through the work you do for other people
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Social Gospel
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believes churches had moral duty to solve social problems
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Populist Party
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also known as the People's Party; they wanted the government to print more paper money; they believed that farmers could charge more for farm goods if there was more money. it only lasted a few years but it affected later politicians
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Jim-Crow Laws
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laws that enforced segregation in the Southern states; passed in Tennessee—legally enforce segregation and this is a legislative form of segregation and it was present everywhere mostly except in the West it is not just evident in the past Confederate states
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Jim-Crow Laws
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created and enforced segregation in Public; legalized discrimination; it was the same idea as the Black Codes
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Lynching
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the murder of an individual by a group or mob—it is referring to African
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Booker T. Washinton
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he thought that the African Americans should just get used to it and that there will be no change in the way things are in life between whites and Blacks. He believed that until African Americans proved were equal to those of anybody else, they would have to live with discrimination.
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W.E.B. Du Bois
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He thought that the African Americans should strive for full rights as the white freemen. He points to the constitutions specifically to the 13-15 amendments and said that African Americans are American citizens and that it is demanded that they have equal rights.
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The new immigrants were people of Greece, Poland, Russia, Eastern Europe, Italy, and Mediterranean. They mostly came from Eastern Europe.
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who were the new immigrants and where did most come from?
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Similar: Both American immigration systems Differences: Angel Island is in San Francisco Bay and are mostly Asian; Ellis Island is in NY Harbor and are mostly Europeans
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How were Ellis and Angel Islands similar, and how were they different?
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The groups which would cause the most tension is language and religion. New immigrants: Western Europe & Ireland Old Immigrants: Eastern Europeans & Mediterranean European
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Predict of how all all the differences between new and old immigrants, which ones do you think would cause the most tensions between the two groups?
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Ellis Otis a mechanized elevator and he invented the ability to go from the ground to a skyscraper really quickly without climbing stairs which allowed taller buildings Frederick Law Olmsted designed parks like Central Park in NY City Jane Addams founder of the Hull House in Chicago 1889 (1st settlement house) Lillian Wald founded Henry Street Settlement (2nd most famous settlement house)
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What part did each of these people play in changing the cities? Elisha Otis, Fredrick Law Olmsted, Jane Adams, and Lilian Wald.
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The wealthy lived luxuriously or in crowded areas. There was not a tremendous middle class at that time and that is when the wealth starts to be transferred more equally. The wealthy showed off their money in their houses and in the way their houses were build. The working class was in poverty and lived in tenements and women worked outside of their homes.
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How were living conditions different for the wealthy and the working class in cities?
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by believing it was their job to help. They had the ability to help here and so they felt morally responsible to aid those in their community. Women also had the financial ability
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Why might educated middle class women get involved in the settlement house movement?
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William Marcy Tweed (Boss Tweed) was the head of the Tammany Hall and it is the same of the NY City Political Machine and if you were an immigrant coming into the US someone from the Tammany Hall came and introduced them and gave them food and a place to sleep and so they could try to have a good political machine in the US Ulysses S. Grant was a president that had to deal with many scandals William McKinley was the Republican candidate president that defeated William Bryan William Bryan is a reformer who wanted to reform businesses and he was a tremendous speaker who was defeated twice for the presidency.
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briefly identify each of these political figure: William March Tweed, Ulysses S. Grant, William McKinley, William Jennings Bryan
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by leading to the election of Garfield. Also the corruption of the federal government the people called for reform in not only the government but also in business and it will grow in the next decades.
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explain how the scandals of Grant's administration have an impact on reformers.
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bank regulations, government ownership of railroads, and the gold standard (pushing for a monetary system based on gold and silver)
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what might be the lasting impact of the ideas put forth by the populist party?
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Some of the tactics were that poor blacks could not afford much because of the fact they were illiterate; they could not afford the poll tax established and they were not literate because they were denied the right of education; but even if your illiterate but your grandfather could vote then you could too. A poll tax effected the African Americans because most of them didn't have any money because they were coming out of slavery and a literacy test was unfair because the slaves had no education.
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identify each of these tactics and explain how they prevented African Americans from voting: poll tax, literacy test.
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Washington and Bois both differed in their view points about discrimination by: Washington thought that the African Americans should just get used to it and that there will be no change in the way things are in life between whites and Blacks. He believed that until African Americans proved were equal to those of anybody else, they would have to live with discrimination. Du Bois thought that the African Americans should strive for full rights as the white freemen. Du Bois points to the constitutions specifically to the 13-15 Amendment and said that African Americans are American citizens and that it is demanded that they have equal rights. Both people are working for equality with just different viewpoints on how it should be achieved.
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how did Booker T Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois differ in their views of the best was to combat discrimination?
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Discrimination against Native Americans are different from discrimination faced by Hispanic and Asian Americans by the fact that they were not citizens and were living on reservations (nation into itself with their own laws etc.); they were taken and put on land. Hispanic Americans and Asian Americans didn't have to face hard discrimination like the Native Americans. The Hispanic and Asian were left be because there weren't that many farmers and the US needed farmers and the Asians made segregated neighborhoods. The Native Americans had to face Americanization and the stamp out of their traditional cultures and were forced to live on reservations. They were also not citizens and lived on reservations which is basically their own country within the country. (omit)
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in what ways was the discrimination against native Americans different from that faced by Hispanic Americans and Asian Americans? (omit)
