Chapter 5 – epidemiology – Flashcards
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person-place-time model
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organized epidemiologists investigations of the disease pattern in the community
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descriptive epidemiology
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study of the amount and distribution of disease
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analytic epidemiology
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examining complex relationships among the many determinants of disease
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risk factors
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variables that increase the rate of disease in people who have them or in people exposed to them
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web of causation
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model illustrates the complexity of relationships among causal variables.
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Newer paradigm-ecosocial epidemiology
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challenges the more individually focused risk factor approach to understanding disease origins. looks at the macro level socio-environmental factors (political and economic forces along with microbiological processes
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rates
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arithmetic expression that helps practitioners consider a count of an event relative to the size of the population from which it is extracted
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ratio
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is obtained by dividing one quantity by another, and the numerator is not necessarily pro the denominator.
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proportions
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can be describe characteristics of a population, often a percentage, and it represents the numerator as part of the denominator
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incidence rates
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describes the occurrence of new cases of a disease or condition in a community over a period of time relative to the size of the population at risk for that disease or conditioned during the same time period
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attack rate
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document the number of new cases of a disease in those exposed to the disease.
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prevalence rate
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is the number of all cases of a specific disease or condition in a population at a given point in time relative to the population at the same point in time.
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period prevalence
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represent the number of existing cases during a specified period or interval of time and include old cases and new cases that appear within the same period if time
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prevalence rates influenced by
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number of people who experience a particular condition, duration of the condition
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crude rates
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summarize the occurrence of births, mortality or diseases in the general population
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age specific rates
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characterized a particular age-group in the population and usually consider deaths and birth
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age adjustment or standardization of rate
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is another method of reducing bias when there is a difference between the age distribution of two population
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proportionate mortality ratio
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method of describing mortality, represents the percentage of deaths resulting from a specific causes relative to deaths from all causes
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risk
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refers to the probability of an adverse event
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primary prevention
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central goals are describing the disease patterns, identifying the etiological factors in disease development and taking the most effective preventive measure. Preventive measures are specific to the stage of disease progression or the natural history id disease, from pre pathogenesis through resolution of the disease process.
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health promotion
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actions that are general in nature and designed to foster healthful lifestyles and a safe environment
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specific protection
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actions aimed at reducing the risk of specific diseases
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secondary prevention
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those measures designed to detect disease at its earliest stage, namely screening and physical examinations that are aimed at early diagnosis
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tertiary prevention
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focuses on limitation of disability and the rehabilitation of those with irreversible diseases.
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cause and effect relationship criteria
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strength of association, dose-response relationship, temporally correct relationship, biological plausibility, consistency with other studies, specificity.
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screening
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purpose is the identify risk factors and diseases in earliest stages. is usually secondary prevention activity because indications of disease appear after a pathological change has occurred
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surveillance
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is a mechanism for the ongoing collection of community health information. monitoring for changes in disease frequency, ID trends in disease incidence
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descriptive epidemiology
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focuses on the amount and distribution of health and health problems within a population. purpose is the describe the characteristics of both people who are protected from disease and those who have a disease.
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analytic epidemiology
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investigates the causes of disease by determining why a disease rate is lower in one population group than in another. test hypotheses generated from descriptive data ad either accepts or rejects them on the basis of analytic research
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the type types of analytic epidemiological studies
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observational and experimental
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observational studies
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used for descriptive purposes, also used to discover the etiology of disease
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cross sectional study
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examines relationships between potential causal factors and disease at a specific time, can identify associations among disease and specific factors.
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retrospective studies
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compare individuals with a particular condition or disease and those who don't have the disease. determines whether cases, or a diseased group, differ in their exposure to a specific factor or characteristic relative to controls, or a non diseased group. data collection extends back in time
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prospective studies
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monitor a group or disease free people to determine whether and when disease occurs. people have a common experience within a defined time period
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experimental studies
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type of analytic study, also called the randomized clinical trial. epidemiological investigations apply experimental methods to test treatment and prevention strategies
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objectives of epidemiology
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determines the extent of disease in a community, population, aggregate or group of interest
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epidemiology
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the study of the distribution and determinants of health in a group of people during a group of time in order to control a health problem in other words disease prevention and health promotion
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two epidemiological methods
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descriptive and analytic
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descriptive
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focuses on the amount and distribution of health and health problems within a population
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analytic
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investigate the causes of disease by determining why a disease rate is lower in one population group than another
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the three determinants of disease
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individual, environmental, social
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endemic
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the usual existence of a disease in certain areas
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epidemic
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any unusual occurrence of disease, generally first noticed by an unexpected number of causes occurring in over a particular amount of time orin a particular place. doesn't have to be a large number of people
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pandemic
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is a epidemic occurring over a very wide area, crossing international boundaries affects large numbers of people, can also be called a global epidemic
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6 factors if the epidemic approach
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define the population, enumerate the disease or condition in the population, determine the association between a factor or characteristic of a person and the development of the disease if interest, determine whether association is causal, eval the effect of interventions on the development of disease
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ecosocial approach
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emphasize the evolving macro-level social environmental factors along with micorbiological process in understand health and illness. challenges the more individually focused risk factors approach to understanding disease origins using either the wheel or web model
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Hippocrates
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awareness on the impact the environment has on humans and their health. did not look at the severity of disease just looked at the environment and loosed at how people ate, behaved and got sick
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John Graunt
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first epidemiologist, systematically collected records of illnesses, patterns of disease and mortality, vital statistics, some disease affected a similar number of people from year to year while others varied over time
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Edward Jenner
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dairymaids who had cowpox were immune to smallpox, developed first vaccine
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John Snow
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victorian surgeon and anesthesiologist, analyzed the cholera outbreak. used logical observation, quantitative analysis , translated finding into policy, considered the father of epidemiology
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factors of epidemiological transition
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medical technology, birth control/prenatal care, nutrition, sanitation and vector control, education, improved standard of living
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epidemiology triad
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host, agent, environment, vector
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host
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person or animal that provides a suitable place for an infectious agent to grow and multiply under natural conditions
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agent
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etiology, lacking or present. the cause of disease.
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environment
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environmental factors paly a critical role in transmission of disease. external or internal that effect the agent or the host
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vector
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living, any non human carrier of disease that transports and serves the process of disease transmission
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vehicle
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inanimate object
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host factors
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intrinsic factors (susceptibility factors) genetics, age, sex, ethnic group, physiological state, prior immunological experiences
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agents of disease
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nutritive elements (excessive/deficient), chemical, physical agents, infectious agents
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extrinsic factors
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environmental factors
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transmittable
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infectious disease, genetic disease
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non transmittable
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environmental disease, chronic diseases
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direct transmission
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touching, kissing, sexual intercourse, childbirth, airborne, transfusion, trans-placental
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indirect transmission
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vehicle borne-contaminated food/water; vector borne-insect, animals; airborne-dust droplets; parenteral- injection with contaminated needles
