question

Kwashiorkor

answer

Protein deficiency in childhood, leading to symptoms such as lethargy, irritability, thinning hair. and swollen body, which may be fatal if not treated.

question

Micronutrients

answer

dietary ingredients essential to optimal physical growth, including iodine, iron, zinc, and vitamins A, B12, C and D

question

Iodine deficiency

answer

1/3 of the worlds population has this deficiency

question

Early brain development is marked by two key developments

answer

Synaptic density Synaptic pruning

question

Synaptic density

answer

density of synapses among neurons in the brain, peaks around age 3

question

Synaptic pruning

answer

Process of reducing number of connections between neurons so that they become more efficient

question

EEG (electroencephalogram)

answer

measures electrical activity of cerebral cortex

question

FMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)

answer

uses a magnetic field to record changes in blood flow and oxygen use in the brain in response to different types of stimulation

question

how many hours of sleep does a 2 year old get

answer

Sleep declines from 16 to 18 hours a day for newborns 15 hours by 1 and to about 12 to 13 hours

question

Why do toddlers wake through the night?

answer

Resurgence of teething Awareness of separate sleeping arrangements

question

Gross Motor Development 11 months

answer

walk without support

question

Gross Motor Development 15 months

answer

stand and begin to climb

question

Gross Motor Development 18 months

answer

some running

question

Gross Motor Development 24 months

answer

can kick with more dexterity

question

Fine Motor Development during the first year of toddlerhood

answer

At 12 months can show left or right preference for eating Also learns to hold cup, scribble with a pencil, and turn pages of a book Second year expands previous fine motor skills

question

__________ is a condition specific to toddlerhood in which protein deficiencies lead to a varied symptoms as swollen bellies and feet, hair loss, and lack of energy

answer

Kwashiorkor

question

what most distinguishes early brain development in toddlerhood is _____.

answer

the steep increase in the density of synaptic connections among neurons

question

which statement best represents sleep during toddlerhood

answer

sleeping alone is rare in traditional cultures.

question

last week your neighbors told you there 18 month old son has been sleeping through the night the past two months. they were very happy about this new development and we're looking forward to many more months of a good night sleep. this weekend whether they say their son has started waking up at night and has been pretty fussy during the day. what is the likely reason for this weekend in fussing?

answer

His molars are coming in, and he is teehing.

question

Garret is approaching toddlerhood. During the next year he should be able to _______.

answer

hold a cup and scribble with crayons

question

4 ways to identify it is time for toilet training

answer

Staying dry for hour or two during the day Regular bowel movements Increased anticipation of the event Directly asking to use the toilet or wear underwear (show signs 18-30 months)

question

weaning

answer

cessation of breastfeeding

question

how long is traditional breastfeeding?

answer

til about age 2 or 3

question

Traditional cultures weaning

answer

gentle and gradual at first, but become harsher if there is resistance

question

which of the following variables has been shown to be correlated with the timing of toilet training in the US

answer

Education level of the parents

question

in western cultures a sign of being ready to begin toliet training

answer

is when the child can stay dry for and hour or two during the day

question

your been trying to toilet train your son but you are not having much luck based on the research what is most likely holding up the process

answer

some children simply take months or potentially years to become fully toilet trained.

question

you are interested in weaning your toddler why is it more of a challenge to wean a toddler than an infant

answer

the toddler is more socially aware and has greater capacity to exercise intentional Behavior

question

Nadine is a toddler from a traditional culture she would likely

answer

have experienced some customary practice for being weaned.

question

what are the final two stages of sensorimotor Theory

answer

Stage 5: Tertiary Circular Reactions (12-18 months) Stage 6: Mental Representations (18-24 months)

question

Stage 5: Tertiary Circular Reactions

answer

Intentionally try out different behaviors to see what the effects would be

question

Stage 6: Mental Representations

answer

Think about possibilities and select actions for desired outcome. Also beleived mental representation in toddlerhood is the basis of catergorization

question

object permanence in toddlerhood

answer

avoid the a not b error and search for the object where they lost saw it hidden

question

deferred imitation

answer

ability to repeat actions observed at an earlier time. This begins around 18 months

question

Vygotsky's Cultural Theory

answer

Lev Vygotsky viewed cognitive development as both a social and cultural process Social because children learn through interaction with others Cultural because what children need to know is determined by the culture they live in

question

Two of Vygotsky's influential ideas are

answer

zone of proximal development and scaffolding

question

Zone of proximal development (ZPD)

answer

difference between skills or tasks that children can accomplish alone and those they are capable of performing if guided by an adult or a more competent peer

question

Scaffolding

answer

a degree of assistance provided to the learner in the zone of proximal development gradually decreasing as the learners sills develop

question

private speech

answer

self-guiding and self- directing comments children make to themselves as they learn in the zone of proximal development

question

Guided participation

answer

teaching interaction between two people as they participate in culturally valued activity (often an adult and a child)

question

shareef's parents bought him a high chair and he intentionally tipped over his water in the tray over and over again, According to Piaget, Shareef is at the ___________ stage

answer

tertiary circular reactions

question

18 month old Omar saw his father stirring a pot over the stove in the next day picks up his toy bowl and Spoon and begin stirring an imaginary substance this is an example of

answer

deferred imitatatin

question

when children generally avoid making the A not B error they ______________

answer

have attained object permanence

question

According to Vygorsky__________ is required for cognitive development.

answer

social interaction

question

According to Vygorsky children learn best if the instruction they are provided is

answer

within the zone of proximal development

question

infinite generativity

answer

ability to take word symbols of a language and combine them in a virtually infinite number of new ways

question

Why are humans Biologically are built for uniqueness in language

answer

Unique vocal apparatus Broca's and Wernicke's area Genes

question

Broca's Area

answer

portion of the left frontal lobe of the human brain that is specialized for language production

question

Wernicke's Area

answer

portion of the left temporal lobe of the human brain that is specialized for language comprehension

question

Language acquisition device (LAD)

answer

according to Chomsky, innate feature of the brain that enables children to perceive and grasp quickly the grammatical rules in the language around them

question

What are the first 12 to 18 months of language development called

answer

Slow Expasion

question

Slow Expasion

answer

12-18 months toddlers learn to speak 1 to 3 new words a week reaching a total of 10 words by 15 months and 50 words by 18 months

question

Holophrases

answer

single word that is used to represent a whole sentance

question

Overextension

answer

use of a single word to represent a variety of related objects

question

Underextension

answer

applying a general word to a specific object

question

What are the 18-24 months of language development called

answer

The naming explosion (vocabulary spurt)

question

The naming explosion

answer

Word production takes off at 18-24 months. The pace doubles from 1 to 3 word a week to 5 or 6 words a week. by 2nd birthday they know 200 words

question

Fast mapping

answer

learning and remembering a word for an object just one time of being told what the object is called

question

Telegraphic speech

answer

two-word phrases that strip away connectiong words, such as the and and

question

during the 3rd year a toddlers language is

answer

becoming adept - they learn to use prepositions such as under,over, and through

question

Overregularization

answer

applying grammatical rules even to words that are exceptions to the rule

question

language in a social culture

answer

the higher the social class the more lilkly they are to read to their children. higher income average 35 a min to their children (30 months 766 words). middle income about 20 words a min and low income 10 words a min. (30 months 375)

question

when it comes to learning what we consider language the most significant difference between apes and humans is

answer

the inability of apes to generate word symbols in an infinite number of ways

question

Nona was in a serious car accident and suffered damage to her Broca's area which of the following is likely to result

answer

She will have difficultly producing speech

question

What is an example of overextention?

answer

a child calling all med dada

question

Joe was thirsty so he looked at his mother and pointed to the glass on the counter instead use this is an example of

answer

a holophrase

question

Research has shown that

answer

direct stimulation of language is discouraged in some cultures

question

Emotional regulation advances in 4 ways

answer

Behavioral development Use of language Social demands (external requirements) Development of sociomoral emotions

question

why would the terrible twos happen (not universal in all cultures)

answer

toddlers have and increased sense of self

question

Toddlerhood is when social emotions develop also known a secondary emotions

answer

based on the standards of right and wrong guilt shame embarrassment envy pride

question

empathy

answer

ability to understand and respond helpfully to another persons distress

question

prosocial behavior

answer

behavior intended to help benefit others, including kindness, friendliness, and sharing

question

In what culture is pride positive

answer

western culture

question

In what culture is pride considered dangurous

answer

non-western culture

question

Self recognition

answer

ability to recognize one's image in the mirror as one's self

question

self reflection

answer

capacity to think about one's self as one would think about other persons and objects

question

what age do children first identify as male or femail

answer

18-30 months

question

gender identity

answer

awareness of one's self as male or female

question

sex

answer

biological status of being male or female

question

gender

answer

cultrual categories of "male or "female"

question

Three elements to biological basis of gender development

answer

Evolutionary Ethology Hormonal

question

Evolutionary

answer

gender differences based on characteristics promoting survival Males - aggressive, competitive, dominance Females - nurturing, cooperative, emotionally responsive

question

Ethology

answer

animal behavior shows evidence of biology

question

Hormonal

answer

hormonal balance differences

question

Which of the following is a sociomoral emotion

answer

guilt

question

S is playing in a group of children and showed pride and his ability to fit the right shape in the container. this display of Pride would most likely be discouraged by parents in

answer

China

question

Gender Identity

answer

refers to the ability of children to identify themselves as male or female

question

which of the following statements about gender are true

answer

gender development has a biological basis, as well as an environmental basis.

question

Attachment Theory: John Bowlby

answer

Historically thought to be driven by reduction of a distressing physical state

question

Rene Spitz

answer

emotional delays developed even with infants physically provided for. anaclitic depression

question

Harry Harlow

answer

baby monkey spent more time with cloth monkey even if being fed by a wire monkey

question

Third research findings based on ethology and Konrad Lorenz

answer

Some animals bond with mothers instantaneously and immediately after birth

question

Primary attachment figure

answer

person who is sought out when a child experiences some kind of distress or threat in the enviornment

question

Stranger anxiety

answer

fear in response to unfamiliar persons usually evident in infants by 6 months of age

question

secure base

answer

role of primary attachment figure to allow child to explore the world while seeking comfort when threats arise

question

strange situation

answer

laboratory assessment of attachment entailing a series of introductions, separations, and reunions involving the child, the mother, and an unfamiliar person

question

what are the four classifications of the strange situation

answer

Secure attachment Insecure-avoidant attachment Insecure-resistant attachment Disorganized-disorientated

question

Secure attachment

answer

mother is secure base, cry upon separation, return to mother upon return

question

Insecure-avoidant attachment

answer

no interaction with mother, no response upon separation or return

question

Insecure-resistant attachment

answer

less likely to return, show distress upon separation, show ambivalence upon return

question

Disorganized-disorientated

answer

extremely unusual behavior, dazed when mother leaves and fear upon return

question

Attachment theory suggests quality influenced by

answer

Maternal sensitivity - what a child needs at any given time Maternal responsiveness - quick to assist or soothe when needed

question

Attachment and later development suggests

answer

that loving, trusting caregivers will give children better loving and trusting relationships in the future. insecure children will display hostility, indifference, or overdependance in later relationships

question

Critiques of Attachment Theory

answer

Child effect critique Cultural critique

question

Child effect critique

answer

fails to recognize children are born with different temperaments Influence is bidirectional not one way

question

Cultural critique

answer

Attachments are recognizable across cultures May vary on parenting style May vary on classifying insecurely attached infants

question

Secure attachment is characterized by

answer

a willingness of the child to use the caregiver as a secure base to explore the environment

question

which of the following best describes Morgan a toddler who is considered securely attached based on the strange situation test?

answer

the toddler usually cries upon separation but when the mother returns he greets her happily and begins to smile

question

in elementary and secondary school Brice showed problems such as hostility and cognitive deficts. Later in college he was diagnosed with various types of psychopathology. Based on the research he most likely had a ________ attachment classification

answer

disorganized-disoriented

question

when it comes to attachment__________

answer

children develop an internal working model of what to expect about their mothers availability and supportiveness in times of need based on how sensitive and responsive she was over the first year of life

question

in traditional culture such as Uganda _________can be a major event in the lives of toddlers in may have an influence on the security of attachment.

answer

weaning

question

Fathers in Traditional cultures

answer

rarely involved in daily child care provider disciplinarian Latin america - provider and warm/affectionate Manu - men are involved after toddlerhood

question

Fathers in developed countries

answer

Provider interact less, play than care (american) Change to more egalitarian in recent years 85% as much time as mothers do Cadadian 75% Parenting learned, not innate

question

In traditional cultures older siblings roles

answer

may be responsible for the care of the younger sibling.

question

developed countries siblings roles

answer

Older sibling can provide emotional comfort and security if primary not around

question

response to a new sibling being born

answer

reaction tends to be negative. toddlers feel threatend by the new baby. attachment to mother goes from secure to insecure

question

Peer interaction can be understood by what types of play

answer

Solitary play Parallel play Simple social play

question

Solitary play

answer

all by themselves

question

Parallel play

answer

same activity but not with each other

question

Simple social play

answer

talking, smiling, sharing

question

autism

answer

developmental disorder marked by a lack of interest in social relations, abnormal language development, and repetitive behavior.

question

Josh is a toddler who lives in New Zealand his father would most likely be observed and which of the activities with him

answer

playing with him

question

during toddlerhood

answer

friendship seems to have many of the same features of friendships at other ages

question

research on sibling relationships during the toddler years has found that

answer

toddlers attachments to their siblings tend to be secondary attachments rather than primary attachments

question

Marcel was diagnosed with autism at Age 3 which behavior would you most likely see if you have observed him in his day care classroom

answer

a preoccupation with repetitive movements

question

research has shown that the effects of television and other media

answer

depend on the content

question

during toddlerhood sleeping alone

answer

is rare in traditional cultures

question

toddlers in traditional cultures are equal

answer

to toddlers from Western cultures in the development of their gross motor skills

question

a toddler from a traditional culture

answer

would likely experience and customary practice for being weaned

question

when it comes to learning language the most significant difference between apes and humans

answer

is the inability of apes to generate word symbols in an infinite number of ways

question

which is an example of overextension?

answer

a child calling all dogs spot

question

research on language development has shown that social class status

answer

is correlated with how much parent speak to their young children

question

which emotion doesn't appear until toddlerhood?

answer

Pride

question

the capability of toddlers to think about themselves if they would about other people and objects is__________

answer

self reflection

question

children can identify themselves in others either as male or female that have developed __________

answer

gender identity

question

which of the following best characterizes insecure resistant attachment?

answer

acting both relieved and angry at a caregiver after seeing him or her again after seperation

question

research has shown that a child with a ________ attachment is most likely to have later most likely to have later problems such as hostility, psychopathology and cognitive deficits.

answer

disorganized- disoriented

question

which of the following best describes attachment across cultures?

answer

in all cultures infants and toddlers develop attachments to the people around them who provide loving and protective care

question

in developed countries fathers would most likely be observed in which of the following activities with their infants and toddlers?

answer

playing

question

during toddlerhood friendships are based on

answer

companionship Mutual affection and emotional closeness

question

research on media has shown that TV can

answer

Inspire imaginative play among toddlers

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