Chapter 5: Contraception
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Be familiar with Table 5.2 in your text and information provided in lecture related to typical use and perfect use rates. What forms would have the most similar typical and perfect use rates?
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Most Effective: - Surgical (tubes tied) - IUD - Hormonal implant
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What does research find related to college students' attitudes and behaviors related to who should take responsibility for contraception? [lecture]
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- 90% of college students believe the responsibility for contraception should be shared - Only 51.8% indicated that responsibility is actually shared in their relationships.
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How do fertility awareness-based methods work? What are key things to look for during a female's monthly cycle to be aware of times of peak fertility? [text and lecture]
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- Use barrier backup or abstain on fertile days - Track when the egg will be released and when the best time to fertilize is - Look for temperature and thickening of vaginal mucus
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What are some unreliable birth control methods? [text & lecture]
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- Douching - Withdrawal - Lactational Amenorrhea - Different sex positions
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Be familiar with an overview of the different contraceptive methods. You do not need to memorize exact info about each of them, but have an understanding how different methods work.
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• Barrier Methods: - Condoms, diaphrams, sponge, cervical barriers • Hormonal Methods: -Combined hormones (Pill, Ring, Patch) - Progestin only (Minipill, Implanon, Depo) • Chemical Methods - Spermicides • Intrauterine Methods (IUD) - Paragard & Mirena (looks like a T)
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What are the potential benefits of using a receptive/female condom? How does it compare to the male condom related to prevention of STIs? [text & lecture]
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- A female condom prevents STIs more than a male condom because it covers a larger area of the genitals
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Understand the steps to use a male condom correctly as outlined in the \"In Touch with Your Sexual Health\" section. [text & lecture]
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- Hold the tip of the condom - Unroll to the base of the penis
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How does the contraceptive patch work? How many times do you change the patch within the monthly cycle? [text & lecture]
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- Changing the body's hormonal balance so that you do not produce an egg every month - Also makes cervical mucus thicker - This makes it difficult for sperm to get through the womb to fertilize an egg - Change it every week for 3 weeks. Absent for the 4th week
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What are the different types of IUDs? How do they work? How long does Mirena (with hormones) protect against pregnancy? [text & lecture]
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- Hormonal IUD & Copper IUD - Both types work by preventing sperm from fertilizing an egg - The hormonal IUD releases a form of the hormone progestin into the uterus - Copper IUD releases copper into the uterus which works as a spermicide - Mirena: 99% effective up to 5 years
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Review information about the different types of birth control pills. Which type of pills requires strict adherence to taking it at the same time each day? [text & lecture]
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Estrogen Pills: • Monophasic pills contain the same dose of hormones in each pill • Biphasic pills change the level of hormones once during the menstrual cycle • Multiphasic pills vary in hormone amount • Triphasic pills have 3 sets of pills per month, each week the hormonal dosage increases • Women using extended cycle regimens report higher satisfaction than women on traditional 21/7 regimens Progestin-Only Pills: (Minipill/POPs (progestin-only pills)) • Inhibit ovulation and thicken mucus • Fewer side effects than combination pills • 92-99.7% effective • More expensive than combination pills • Can cause irregular bleeding • Higher rates of ectopic pregnancies for women who get pregnant while taking the minipill
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Be familiar with the information about emergency contraception in your text and as discussed in lecture. What are some of the common misconceptions and concerns? Does research support this? How does it compare in effectiveness to other forms of contraception? [text and lecture for last question]
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Hormonal contraceptive that helps prevent pregnancy after an unprotected act of intercourse \"morning-after pill) - It is not the same thing as an abortion • One in nine (11%) women reported having used emergency contraception. Up from 4.2% in 2002. • For ages 20-24, about one in four had used it. • Of those who used it, 59% had used it only once and 24% had used it twice; 17% had used it more than twice. • 45% reported using it from fear of method failure and 49% used it because they had unprotected sex. • It should NOT be used in place of regular contraception. It is approximately 75% effective in preventing pregnancy after unprotected intercourse
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Be familiar with facts presented in lecture about unintended pregnancies and abortions. For example, what percent of pregnancies in the U.S. are unintended, what statistics were discussed related to who typically gets abortions in the U.S. - i.e. first time pregnancy, already mothers, religious, not religious? [some text (chs. 5 & 9) and all in lecture]
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Study related to contraceptive use and abortion (Jones, Darroch & Henshaw, 2002): • 54% of women who have abortions reported having used a contraceptive method (usually the condom or the pill) during the month they became pregnant. Among those women, 76% of pill users and 49% of condom users report having used their method inconsistently. Importance of correct use! • 46% of women who have abortions had not used a contraceptive method during the month they became pregnant. Of these women, 33% had perceived themselves to be at low risk for pregnancy, 32% had safety concerns about contraceptive methods, 26% had unexpected sex and 1% had been forced to have sex. - 51% 3.4 million births are unintended • Abortion rates in the U.S. have steadily decreased since the 1990s. • One in three American women will have had an abortion by age 45. • 50% of women obtaining abortions are younger than 25. • About 60% of abortions are obtained by women who have one or more children. • 43% of women obtaining abortions identify themselves as Protestant and 27% as Catholic.
