Chapter 5 – Microbiology Answers – Flashcards
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| anabolism |
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| building of proteins ex. peptidoglycan |
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| catabolism |
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| breaking down of compounds, ex. breaking down glucose |
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| metabolic pathway |
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| enzymatically catalyzed chemical rxn in a cell which are determined by enzymes |
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| exergonic reaction |
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| release of energy (catabolic reaction) |
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| endergonic |
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| requires input of energy (anabolic reaction) |
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| how much faster can a reaction run with enzymes? |
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| 8-10B times |
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| proteins in nature can also be made of |
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| RNA (called ribosimes) |
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| holoenzyme |
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| final structure of an enzyme |
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| apoenzyme |
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| protein part of an enzyme |
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| cofactor |
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| non-protein part of an enzyme, can be metal ions or coenzymes |
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| coenzyme + examples |
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| organic cofactor ex. NAD+, FAD, CoA |
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| enzyme-substrate complex |
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| intermediate formed when substrate binds to enzyme |
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| in what structure(s) of an enzyme will the active site be present? |
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| tertiary and quartinary |
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| what is a denatured protein? |
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| unfolded protein (not destroyed) loses shape because H bonds broken |
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| what effect does temperature have on enzyme activity? |
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| slight increase will make reaction run faster but beyond threshold protein in denatured |
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| competitive inhibition + examples |
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| inhibitor binds to active site and denatures protein ex. sulfanilamide blocks PABA |
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| noncompetitive inhibition (allosteric inhibition) |
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| inhibitor does not bind to active site, instead binds to allosteric site and changes shape ex. metal chelators, eg EDTA |
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| dehydrogenation |
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| loss of H atom (1 proton and 1 electron) |
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| reduced compounds have a lot of |
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| hydrogens, ex. glucose |
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| metabolism |
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| source of energy |
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| chemotroph |
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| uses organic/inorganic compounds as a source of energy |
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| can bacteria respire and ferment? |
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| yes. ex. E. Coli. will undergo aerobic respiration in O2 and fermentation in lack of O2 |
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| what is the complete eqn for glucose metabolism in aerobic respiration? |
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| C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38ATP |
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| 3 methods for glycolysis |
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| EMP Enbden Meyerhof Parnas Entner - D PPP |
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| Does EMP require oxygen? |
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| No, presence not required |
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| End products of glycolysis via EMP |
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| 2 NADH 2 ATP 2 Pyruvic Acid |
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| what are the 3 mechanisms for ATP production? |
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| substrate level phosphorylation -uses energy from exergonic reaction (glycolysis) oxidative phosphorylation -uses energy from ETC to phosphorlate ADP photophosphorylation -photosynthesis supplies energy |
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| Name 3 electron carriers |
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| NAD+ FAD NADP+ |
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| Name 3 reducing powers |
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| NADH FADH2 NADPH |
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| Entner-Doudoroff Pathway -2 species -products -why use it? |
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| Pseudomonas, Rhizobium 2 pyruvic acid and 1 ATP Lack enzymes for EMP -considered a true alternative to EMP |
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| PPP -2 species -what does it break down-net gain |
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| -E coli and B subtilis -glucose and pentoses -1 ATP |
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| catabolic pathway of PPP |
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| glucose -> pyruvic acid |
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| anabolic pathway of PPP |
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| 1. ribose-5-phophate -> nucleic acid 2. NADPH - > fatty acids |
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| advantages of PPP |
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| can break down pentose, produces reducing power NADPH occurs simultaneously with EMP |
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| complete eqn of transition step |
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| 2 Pyruvate -> 2 Acetyl CoA + 2NADH + 2CO2 |
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| complete eqn of Kreb's cycle |
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| 2 pyruvic acid -> 4CO2 + 2ATP + 6NADH + 2FADH2 |
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| where does ETC occur? |
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| in plasma membrane |
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| what is the diverse nature of the ETC? |
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| its composition will vary in different bacteria |
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| 3 classes of electron carriers |
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| Ubiquinone, Flavoproteins, cytochrome (UFC) |
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| what electron acceptors are used in ETCWhat is not used? |
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| FAD and NAD+ NADP+ |
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| What is the purpose of ETC? |
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| oxidation and resupply of NADH and FADH2 |
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| In aerobic respiration, what steps use substrate level phosphoration to create ATP? |
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| glycolysis (2) and Kreb's cycle (2) |
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| How many ATP are produced in ETC and where do they come from? |
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| 34 total; Glycolysis = 2NADH x 3ATP/each = 6 ATP Transition step = 2NADH x 3ATP/each = 6 ATP Kreb's = 6NADH x 3ATP/each = 18 ATP 2 FADH2 x 2ATP/each = 4 ATP |
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| Why does anaerobic respiration yield less energy than aerobic? |
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| Final electron acceptor releases less energy than oxygen |
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| List anaerobic electron acceptors and products |
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| Acceptors: NO3- SO4- CO3(2-) Products: NO2-, N2, H20 H2S, H20 CH4, H20 |
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| How does eqn for aerobic respiration change during anaerobic respiration? |
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| O2 replaced by NO3-, SO4-, or CO3(2-) less ATP produced, additional products. CO2 will be produced if organic compound is E source. Water produced from electron acceptors. |
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| what are the steps of protein catabolism? |
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| protein, amino acids, organic acid, kreb's |
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| what enzyme breaks down lipids and what are the 2 potential products? |
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| lipase; glycerol or fatty acid; turned into Acetal CoA; kreb's |
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| Chemolithotrophs |
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| use inorganic compounds as source of energy in respiration |
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| What are the steps in inorganic respirationBy what method is ATP producedwhat is the final electron acceptor? |
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| ETC oxidative phosphorylation can be oxygen, might not be oxygen |
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| Sulfur bacteria source of Ebyproductexample? |
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| H2S H2SO4 Thiobacillus, Beggiatoa |
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| what is bioleaching and who does it? |
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| release of metal ions into environment, sulfur oxidizing bacteria |
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| What nitrifyer converts ammonia to nitrite? |
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| Nitrosomonas |
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| what nitrifyer converts nitrite to nitrate? |
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| Nitrobacter |
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| Why are lawns ariated? |
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| to replenish oxygen and nitrogen in soil. |
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| steps in fermentation |
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| glycolysis, pyruvic acid, different enzymes |
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| End fermentation product of Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Bacillus |
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| lactic acid |
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| End fermentation products of yeast |
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| ethanol, CO2 |
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| end fermentation products of Propionoicbacterium |
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| propionoic acid, acetic acid, CO2, H2 |
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| End fermentation products of Escherichia and Salmonella |
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| ethanol, lactic acid, succinic acid, acetic acid, CO2, H2 |
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| During what step in fermentation is ATP produced and by what process? And how many? |
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| glycolysis, substrate level phosphorylation, 2 |
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| what is end goal of fermentation? |
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| regenerate NAD+ |
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| what is final electron acceptor in fermentation? |
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| organic molecule such as pyruvate |
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| what products is lactic acid used in? |
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| cheese, yogurt |
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| what products is propionoic acid used in? |
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| swiss cheese |
