Question 1

Classical Conditioning

Accepted Answer

learning to make an involuntary (reflex) response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex

Question 2

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

Accepted Answer

a naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary (reflex) response. . The dog food

Question 3

unconditioned response (UCR)

Accepted Answer

an involuntary (reflex) response to a naturally occuring or unconditioned stimulus. unlearned and occurs because of genetic wiring.

Question 4

Neutral stimulus (NS)

Accepted Answer

stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus. ex dogs seeing dish and began to salivate. the dish then became the conditioned stimulous

Question 5

conditioned response

Accepted Answer

learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus

Question 6

Stimulus

Accepted Answer

any object, event, or experience that causes a resonse, the reaction of an organism

Question 7

Natural Stimulus

Accepted Answer

reflex response that is naturally produced

Question 8

Unconditioned

Accepted Answer

Any of the responses or stimuli that is natural or genetic.

Question 9

Acquisition

Accepted Answer

the repeated pairing of the NS and the UCS is usually called ____________, because the organism is in the process of learning.

Question 10

The CS must come before the UCS.

Accepted Answer

If Pavlov rang the bell just after he gave the dog food, they did not become conditioned.

Question 11

The CS and UCS must come together very close in time, ideally no more than 5 seconds apart.

Accepted Answer

When Pavloc stretced the time between the potential CS and the UCS to several minutes, no assocation or link between the two was made.

Question 12

Interstimulus Interval (ISI)

Accepted Answer

time between the CS and UCS

Question 13

the neutral stimulus must be paired with the UCS several times, often many times before conditiong can take place

Accepted Answer

...

Question 14

the CS is usually some stimulust that is distinctive or stand out from other competing stimuli

Accepted Answer

The bell was a sound that was not normally present in the lab and therefore distinct

Question 15

Conditioned Stimulous

Accepted Answer

stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paried with the original uncondtintined stimulous. the bell

Question 16

Conditioned Response

Accepted Answer

learned reflex response to a condtioned stimulous.

Question 17

Stimulous Generalization

Accepted Answer

the tendency to stop making a generalized resonse to a stimulus that is similar to the origianl conditioned stimulus because the similar stimlus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus. EX. although the sound of the coffe grinder might produce a little anxiety in the dental-drill hating person, after a few uses that sound will no longer prouce anxiety because it isn\'t associated with dental pain.

Question 18

Extinction

Accepted Answer

The disapperance or weakening of a learned resonse following the removal or asence of the unconditioned or the removal of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning)

Question 19

Reinforcer

Accepted Answer

any event or object that when following a resonse, increases the liklihood of that resonse occuring again

Question 20

spontaneous recovery

Accepted Answer

the reappearance of a learned resonse after extinction has occured. the conditioned rsponse can briefly reappear whn the original CS rturns, although the response is usually weak and short lived.

Question 21

Higher Order Conditioning

Accepted Answer

Another concept of classical conditioning. Occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus causing the neutral stimulus to bcome a second conditioned stimulus. Pavlov would snap his fingers (neutral stimulus) then ring bell (conditioned stimulus) and give food to produce saliva ( conditioned response) the snap when then trigger saliva if paired enough times turning the snap into another conditioned stimulus. Without the UCS the hight order conditiong would be difficualt to maintain and would gradually fade away

Question 22

unconditioned

Accepted Answer

\"unlearned\" or \"naturally occuring\"

Question 23

Conditioned emotional response

Accepted Answer

emotional response that has become classically conditoned to occur to learned simuli, such as a fear of dogs or the emotional eaction that occurs whn seeing an attractive person

Question 24

Vicarious Conditioning

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person. kids in line to get shot. eventually one kid starts to cry by the end of the line all of the kids will be crying

Question 25

conditioned taste aversion

Accepted Answer

development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occuring after only one association

Question 26

biological preparedness

Accepted Answer

referring to the tendency of animals to learn certain associations such as taste and nausea with only one or few pairings due to the survival values of the learning

Question 27

stimulus substitution

Accepted Answer

original theory in which Pavlov started that classical conditiong occured because the condition sitmulus became a substitute for the unconditioned sitmulus by being paired closely together

Question 28

cognitive perspective

Accepted Answer

modern theory in which classical conditioning is seen to occur because the conditioned stimulus provides information or an expectancy about the coming of the unconditioned stimulus. shocking of rats before tone and after. rats could predict shock and they would freak out. robert rescorla

Question 29

Operant Conditioning

Accepted Answer

the learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasnt and unpleasant consequences to responses

Question 30

Law of Effect

Accepted Answer

law stating that if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will ted to be repeated, and if followed by an unpleasnt consequence it will tend not to be repeated. Thorndike developed

Question 31

operant

Accepted Answer

any behavior that is voluntary

Question 32

reinforcement

Accepted Answer

any event or stimulus, that when following a resone , increases the probablity that the respone will ocurr again

Question 33

primary reinforcer

Accepted Answer

any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch. such as a candy bar (hungry drive) or touch (pleasure drive) or liquid (thirst drive)

Question 34

secondary reinforcer

Accepted Answer

any reinforcer that become reinforcing after being paird with a primary reinforcer such as praise, tokens, or gold stars, or money

Question 35

positive reinforcement

Accepted Answer

the reinforcement of a resone by the additon or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus

Question 36

negative reinforcement

Accepted Answer

the reinforcemnt of a response by the removal , escape from or aoidance of an unpleasant stimulus

Question 37

punishment

Accepted Answer

any event or object that when following a response makes that response less likely to happen again

Question 38

punishment by application

Accepted Answer

the punishment of a rsponse by the addition or experienceing of an unpleanst stimulus. Something unpleasant such as spanking

Question 39

punishisment by removal

Accepted Answer

the punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus after the behavior occurs..grounding, no tv. this is more acceptable to child development

Question 40

successive approximations

Accepted Answer

small steps in behavior one after the other, that lead to a particular goal behavior

Question 41

discriminative stimulus

Accepted Answer

any stimulus such as stop psign or a doorknob, that provides the organism with cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement. baby calls all males dada, then when other males do not act positively and only the dada reinforces the behavior he becomes this

Question 42

Thorndikes Puzzel Box

Accepted Answer

lever is the stimlus, the pushing of the lever is the response, and the consequence is both escape and food. from this he developed the laws of effect

Question 43

BF Skinner

Accepted Answer

Came up with the term operant conditioning . Behaviorist

Question 44

antecedent stimulus

Accepted Answer

antecedent means something that comes before another thing

Question 45

Operant Conditiong Learning

Accepted Answer

depends on what happens after the response( in classical conditioning it\'s what happens before the response)

Question 46

Classical Conditioning

Accepted Answer

Classical Conditioning or Operant Conditioning. End resulst is the creation of a new response to a stimulus that did not normally produce that resonse

Question 47

Operant Conditioning

Accepted Answer

Classical Conditioning or Operant Conditioning. An expectancy develops for reinforcement to follow a correct response

Question 48

Classical Conditioning

Accepted Answer

Classical Conditioning or Operant Conditioning. An expectancy develops for UCS to follow CS

Question 49

Operant Conditioning

Accepted Answer

Classical Conditioning or Operant Conditioning. Reinforcement should be immediate

Question 50

Operant Conditioning

Accepted Answer

Classical Conditioning or Operant Conditioning. Responses are voluntary

Question 51

Operant Conditioning

Accepted Answer

Classical Conditioning or Operant Conditioning. End resulst is an increase in the rate of an already occurring response.

Question 52

Operant Conditiong

Accepted Answer

Classical Conditioning or Operant Conditioning. Consequeces are important in forming an association

Question 53

Classical Conditioning

Accepted Answer

Classical Conditioning or Operant Conditioning. Responses are involuntary and reflexible.

Question 54

Classical Conditioning

Accepted Answer

Antecedent stimuli are important in forming an association

Question 55

Punishment should immeiately follow the behavior it is meant to punish

Accepted Answer

if the punishment comes long after the behavior, it will not be associated with that behavior

Question 56

Punishment should be consistent

Accepted Answer

first if parent promised certain punishment for behavior parent must follow through. second punishment should stay at the same intensity or raise slightly they should never decrease

Question 57

Punishment of the wrong behavior should be paired, whenever possible, with reinforcement of the right behavior

Accepted Answer

if kid eats food with fingers, parent should take hand say no we eat with fork and then give kid fork

Question 58

shaping

Accepted Answer

the reinforcement of simple steps in behavior that lead to desired more complex behavior. like elephants in the circus

Question 59

partial reinforcement effect

Accepted Answer

the tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all , correct responses to be very resistant to extinction

Question 60

continuous reinforcement

Accepted Answer

the reinfocement of each and every correct response

Question 61

fixed interval schedule of reinfocement

Accepted Answer

schedule of reinforcement in which the interaval of time that must pass before reinforcemnt become possible is always the same . example paycheck

Question 62

Variable interval schedule of reinforcement

Accepted Answer

schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement become possible is different for each trial or event . example pop quizes

Question 63

Fixed Ratio schedule of reinforcement

Accepted Answer

schedule of reinforcment in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same

Question 64

variable ration schedule of reinforcement

Accepted Answer

schedule of reinforcement in whihc the number of responses required ro reinforcement is different for each trial or event . example slot machines

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