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Metabolism

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The sum of all chemical reactions, both anabolic and catabolic, within an organism.

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Catabolic Reactions

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Catabolic Reactions, Decomposition reactions

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Anabolic Reactions,

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Anabolic Reactions, Synthesis reactions

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Oxidation and Reduction reactions

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Oxidation and Reduction reactions, Any metabolic reaction involving the transfer of electrons from the electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor. Reactions in which electrons are accepted are reduction reactions. When electrons are donated, it is called oxidation reactions.

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NAD+,

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NAD+, Important vitamin-derived electron carrier molecule.

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NADP+,

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NADP+, Important vitamin derived electron carrier molecule.

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FAD

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FAD, Important vitamin derived electron carrier molecule.

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Enzymes

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Enzymes, An organic catalyst.

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Substrate,

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Substrate, The molecule upon which an enzyme acts

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Active Sites

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Active Sites, Functional site of an enzyme, the shape of which is complementary to the shape of the substrate.

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Activation Energy,

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Activation Energy, The amount of energy needed to trigger a chemical reaction

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Denatured

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Denatured, process by which a proteins three dimensional structure is altered, eliminating function

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Feedback Inhibition

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Feedback Inhibition, Method of controlling the action of enzymes in which the end-product of a series of reactions inhibits an enzyme in an earlier part of the pathway.

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Glycolysis,

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Glycolysis, First step in the catabolism of glucose via respiration and fermentation.

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Cellular Respiration

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Cellular Respiration, Metabolic process that involves the complete oxidation of substrate molecules and production of ATP via a series of redox reactions.

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Krebs cycle,

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Krebs cycle, Series of eight enzymatically catalyzed reactions that transfer stored energy form acetyl COA to coenzymes NAD+ and FAD

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Electron Transport Chain,

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Electron Transport Chain, Series of redox reactions that pass electrons from on membrane bound carried to another, and then to a final electron acceptor.

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Aerobic Respiration

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Aerobic Respiration, Type of cellular respiration requiring oxygen atoms as final electron acceptors.

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Anaerobic Respiration,

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Anaerobic Respiration, Type of cellular respiration not requiring oxygen atoms as final electron receptors.

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Chemiosmosis

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Chemiosmosis, Use of ion gradients to generate ATP

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Fermentation,

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Fermentation, In metabolism, the partial oxidation of sugar to release energy using endogenous organic molecule rather than an electron transport chain as the final electron acceptor.

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Photosynthesis

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Photosynthesis, Process in which light energy is captured by chloryphylls and transferred to ATP and metabolites.

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Thylakoids

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Thylakoids, In photosynthetic cells, portion of cellular membrane containing light absorbing photosystems.

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Light Dependant Reactions,

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Light Dependant Reactions, reaction of photosynthesis requiring light

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Light independent reactions

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Light independent reactions, reaction of photosynthesis not requiring light and synthesizing glucose from carbon dioxide and water.

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Amphibolic Reaction,

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Amphibolic Reaction, A reversible metabolic reaction; that is a reaction that can be anabolic or catabolic.

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Photoautotrophs

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Photoautotrophs, Microorganism which requires light energy and uses carbon dioxide as a carbon source.

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Chemoautotrophs,

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Chemoautotrophs, Microorganism that use carbon dioxide as a carbon source and catabolizes organic molecules for energy.

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Photoheterotrophs

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Photoheterotrophs, Microorganism that requires light energy and gains nutrients via catabolism of organic compounds.

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Chemoheterotrophs

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Chemoheterotrophs, Microorganism that uses organic compounds for both energy and carbon.

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Obligate Aerobe

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Obligate Aerobe, Microorganism that requires oxygen as a final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain.

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Obligate Anaerobes,

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Obligate Anaerobes, Microorganism that cannot tolerate oxygen and uses final electron acceptor other than oxygen.

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Facultative anaerobes

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Facultative anaerobes, Microorganism which can live with or without oxygen

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Aerotolerant Anaerobes,

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Aerotolerant Anaerobes, Microorganism which prefers anaerobic conditions but can tolerate exposure to low levels of oxygen.

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Microaerophiles,

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Microaerophiles, Microorganism that requires low levels of oxygen.

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Nitrogen Fixation,

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Nitrogen Fixation, The conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia.

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Trace Elements

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Trace Elements, Element required in very small amounts for microbial metabolism.

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Growth factors,

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Growth factors, Organic chemicals required in very small amounts for metabolism.

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Optimum growth temperatures

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Optimum growth temperatures, Temperature at which microorganism metabolic activities produce the highest growth rate.

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Psychrophiles,

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Psychrophiles, Microorganism requiring cold temperatures (below 20 degrees Celsius)

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Mesophiles

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Mesophiles, microorganism requiring temperatures ranging from 20-40 degrees Celsius

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Thermophiles

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Thermophiles, Microorganism requiring temperatures to be above 34 degrees Celsius

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Hyperthermophiles

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Hyperthermophiles, Microorganism requiring temperatures above 80 degrees Celsius

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Neutrophiles,

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Neutrophiles, Type of granulocyte that stains lilac with a mixture of acidic and basic dyes

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Acidophiles

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Acidophiles, microorganism requiring acidic ph

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Alkinophiles,

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Alkinophiles, microorganism requiring alkaline ph environments

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Obligate halophiles,

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Obligate halophiles, Microorganism requiring high osmotic pressure

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Barophiles,

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Barophiles, Microorganism requiring the extreme hydrostatic pressure found at great depth below the surface of the water.

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Biofilms,

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Biofilms, A slimy community of microbes going on a surface

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Inoculum,

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Inoculum, Sample of microorganisms

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Medium,

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Medium, A collection of nutrients used for cultivating microorganisms

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Broths,

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Broths, A liquid nutrient rich medium used for cultivating microorganisms

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Culture

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Culture, Act of cultivating microorganisms or the microorganisms that are cultivated

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Colonies,

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Colonies, Visible population of microorganisms living in one place

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Clinical Specimens

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Clinical Specimens, Sample of human material such as feces or blood, which is examined or tested for the presence of microorganisms

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Pure Cultures

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Pure Cultures, Culture containing cells of only one species

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Sterile,

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Sterile, Free of microbial contamination

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Streak Plate

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Streak Plate, Method of culturing organisms in which a sterile inoculating loop is used to spread an inoculum across the surface of a solid medium in petri dishes

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Pour Plate

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Pour Plate, Method of culturing microorganisms in which CFU are separated from one another using a series of dilutions

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Petri Plates

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Petri Plates, Dish filled with solid medium used in culturing microorganisms

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Slants,

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Slants, Test tube containing agar media that solidified while the test tube was resting at an angle

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Defined Medium

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Defined Medium, Culturing medium of which the exact chemical composition is known

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Complex Media

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Complex Media, Culturing medium that contains nutrients released by the partial digestion of yeast, beef, soy or other proteins; thus the exact chemical composition is unknown

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Selective Media

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Selective Media, Culturing medium containing substances that either favor the growth of a particular microorganism or inhibit the growth of unwanted ones

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Differential Media,

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Differential Media, Culturing medium formulated such that either presence if visible changes in the medium or differences in the appearances of colonies help microbiologists differentiate among different types of bacteria.

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Transport Media

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Transport Media, A special type of medium used to move clinical specimens from one location to another while preserving the relative abundance of organisms and preventing contamination of the specimen or environment

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Generation Time

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Generation Time, Time required for a cell to grow and divide

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Lag Growth

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Lag Growth, Phase in growth curve in which the organisms are adjusting to their environment

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Log Phase,

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Log Phase, Phase in a growth curve in which the population is most actively growing

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Stationary Phase

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Stationary Phase, Phase in a growth curve in which new organisms are being rejected at the same rate at which older organisms are dying

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Death Phase,

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Death Phase, Phase in growth curve in which the organisms are dying more quickly than they are being replaced by new organisms

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Serial Dilutions

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Serial Dilutions, Stepwise dilution of a liquid culture

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MPN Method,

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MPN Method, Most Probable number method, statistical estimation technique based on the fact that the more bacteria in the sample, the more dilutions are required to get to "zero"

Chapter 5 – Microbiology – Flashcards

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