chapter 4 world history Egypt/Nubia – Flashcards
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what is bureacracy
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system of offices and officials that the pharoahs relied on to handle the business of governments
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what is the longest river?
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Nile, over 3,500 miles long
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Where is the Nile delta located?
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Lower Egypt
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How did they grow a surplus?
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Built earthen walls to trap floodwaters and was a form of crop irrigation
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who united the kingdoms of Upper and lower Egypt and became first pharoah and created dynasty
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Narmer
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what is a pharoah
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a king of a united Egypt
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What is a delta
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is an area of sediment soil or minerals carried by water deposited at the mouth of a river
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what is a dynasty
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a ruling family
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Who was the important god of all those worshipped by ancient Egyptians, also known as Sun God
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Amon-Re
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Who is the head of the bureaucracy
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Vizier
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Who was the woman ruler who followed all rituals expected as a king, built economy through trade?
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Hatsheput
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who was the ruler best known for the battles against the Hittite and for building more monuments during his reign?
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Ramses II
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Where was Upper Egypt
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Area upstream from the Mediterranean Sea
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The Egyptians called their rich, dark fertile soil, Kemet which means
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the Black Land
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Where does the White Nile flow into
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Lake Victoria
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Where does the Blue Nile run through
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Ethiopia
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How many cataracts did the Nile River have?
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six
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What color crown did kings of Upper Egypt wear
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white crown
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What color crown did kings of Lower Egypt wear
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red crown
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What was the Old kingdom
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period of prosperity, political strength and cutural achievement
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What was the Middle kingdom
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dealt with the flooding of the Nile by building canals that could drain dangerous flood waters and irrigate new farmland
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What was the New Kingdom
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conquered lands in Asia and Africa
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What was the Egyptian Society rankings or the Social Pyramid?
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Pharoah on top, Nobles, priests and officials, scribes, merchants/artisans, then farmers/servants/slaves
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The geography of ancient Egypt included vast desert areas of burning sands known as...
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the Red Land
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what is a mummy
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a body preserved by a special process
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Who usually were made into mummies>?
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wealthy Egyptians
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What was the soil of the Nile River Valley is best characterized as
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fertile
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What is Polytheism
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gods shared qualities of animals - strength/speed
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What did people obey Pharoahs?
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Pharoah's were considered gods on Earth, they feared angering gods
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Who was the god of the underworld?
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Osiris
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What did people believe about afterlife?
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if you lived a good life, you will live forever, If you were sinful you would be destroyed
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Where were poor people buried
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in the desert, where their bodies were quickly dried out.
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Why did Egyptians mummify their bodies
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they believed that they needed to preserve their body have an afterlife
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Why did Egypt trade with Nubia
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They lacked forests, minerals, horses and other useful natural resources
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Why did Egypt conquer Nubia
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To control Nubia's riches,
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Who were the candaces
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queens, more powerful then the kings
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What is commerce
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buying and selling of goods and services
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What is ivory
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hard white material made from tusks
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Trade between Nubia and Egypt created _________ since each country depended on the other for goods it did not have.
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Interdependent
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The Nubians created one of the world's first alphabets called ___________
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Meriotic script
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Which country had less land to farm
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Nubia
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What elements of Egyptian culture did Nubia adopt
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Religion, they both saw kings as gods
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Which pharoah boosted trade between Egypt and Nubia
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Snerfu
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What did Egyptians trade with Nubia?
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Grain, cloth, papyrus, glass and jewelry
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What did Nubia trade with Egypt?
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gold and Elephant tusks
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What Nubian king conquered Egyptian cities?
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Piye or Piankhi
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To control Nubia's riches, what did Egypt do?
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Egypt conquered Nubia
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Who did the Nubians have to pay tribute to?
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the Pharoah
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What is ebony
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a black wood from West Africa
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What was the geography of Nubia?
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Deserts, less land, which meant less food
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What was the land like in Egypt
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Rich in sunshine and fertile soil, had grain
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What did Nubia trade with Africa
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Goods, cloth, gold ebony. Also sold slaves
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What aspects of its culture did Nubia take from Egypt?
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Gods and the use of pyramids
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Because Nubians had less land to farm than Egyptians
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they were more motivated to trade
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What was the name of the calendar with 365 days developed by Egyptians to link the seasons to help farmers called?
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solar calendar
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What was the name of the officials that were able to share and preserve knowledge for the Egyptians?
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scribes
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What did Book of the Dead a well-known piece of Literature represent
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served as a guide to the afterlife for dead souls.
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Was the Nubian culture the same as Egypt's culture?
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Not the same
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In what ways did the Nile River contribute to ancient Egyptian civilization?
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Annual Nile River floods, fertile farmland in Egypt, Egyptians kept a calendar based on the star, Sirius, cliffs along the Nile River Valley served as sites for tombs and temples
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Why did Hatsheput succeed as a pharoah?
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She did everything expected of a king
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What were some important achievements of Egyptians
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hieroglyphic writing, a solar and lunar calendar and pyramid building.
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Skilled artists created paintings on the interior wall of the pyramids and burial chambers depicting daily Egyptian life primarily to
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provide the person buried with servants and things they needed
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In order to construct the pyramids, Egyptians needed to be proficient in what fields of learning?
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engineering and mathematics
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What were the pyramids of Giza build for?
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Khufu, khafre and Menkaure
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What difference between the civilizations of Egypt and Nubia were the Nile cateracts responsible for?
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transportation
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How were the Egyptians able to predict when the Nile would flood each year?
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By watching the horizon for the star Sirius to appear
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What is cataract?
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group of rocky rapids
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What is an artisan
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a skilled worker who practices a handicraft
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After Egypt destroyed Napata, what capital city did Nubians move to?
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Meroe
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What was papyrus?
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a writing surface similar to paper named after the papyrus reed that grew along the Nile River in ancient Egypt
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What is a pyramid?
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a stucture with triangle sides, used as tombs for the pharoahs
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What is anatomy
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the structure of the human body and its organs
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what is hieroglyphics
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a system of writing that used drawing and symbols to represent words or sounds developed by the Egyptians
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How did mummification advance the arts in Ancient Egypt?
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It advanced medical knowledge
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Where was Africa's first ironworking center located?
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Meroe
