Chapter 4: Cell Proliferation and Tissue Regeneration and Repair – Flashcards
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While explaining to a young child why he should be careful with a wound, the nurse reviews healing with the parent. The nurse educates the parent about how strength in the healing wound site is developed based on which substance being available? a) Exudate b) Collagen synthesis c) Plasma d) Stable cells
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b) Collagen synthesis Explanation: Collagen synthesis is important to the development of strength in the healing wound site. Plasma, exudate, and stable cells do not give strenth to the healing tissue.
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A client with diabetes has an admission hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level of 13 (goal is 6) and an abdominal wound that will not heal. The nurse knows that hyperglycemia (poor blood glucose control) has an effect on wound healing, especially related to neutrophils affecting: a) collagen synthesis. b) ability to utilize protein to begin the inflammatory phase of healing. c) ability to engulf and kill bacteria because of poor phagocytic function. d) ability to carry oxygen to the wound bed.
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c) ability to engulf and kill bacteria because of poor phagocytic function. Explanation: Wound healing is a problem in persons with diabetes mellitus, particularly those who have poorly controlled blood glucose levels. Of particular importance is the effect of hyperglycemia on phagocytic function. Neutrophils, for example, have diminished chemotactic and phagocytic function, including engulfment and intracellular killing of bacteria, when exposed to altered glucose levels. RBCs carry oxygen, not neutrophils. Vitamin C is needed for collagen synthesis. In vitamin C deficiency, improper sequencing of amino acids occurs, proper linking of amino acids does not take place, the by-products of collagen synthesis are not removed from the cell, new wounds do not heal properly, and old wounds may pull apart. Protein deficiencies prolong the inflammatory phase of healing and impair fibroblast proliferation, collagen and protein matrix synthesis, angiogenesis, and wound remodeling.
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The nurse is caring for a client with a chronic wound. The most important intervention for the nurse to include in the plan of care would be: a) Protein-controlled diet b) Vitamin C and Zinc supplements c) Steroid therapy d) Low-carbohydrate diet
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b) Vitamin C and Zinc supplements Explanation: Vitamins play an essential role in the healing process. Vitamin C is needed for collagen synthesis. Zinc has been found to aid in reepithelialization. Vitamin C and zinc supplements are often ordered for clients with chronic wounds to promote wound healing. Steroid therapy would decrease wound healing. A diet high in proteins and carbohydrates would be ordered to promote wound healing.
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A client asks the nurse why a scar developed after an injury. The best response would be: a) Fibrous tissue b) Parenchymal tissue c) Stem cells d) Cell apoptosis
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a) Fibrous tissue Explanation: Replacement of damaged tissue by connective (fibrous tissue) tissue leads to scar formation. Parenchymal tissue repair would not result in scar formation. Cell apoptosis refers to cell death, while stem cells are undifferentiated cells
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The student nurse is removing sutures on client after abdominal surgery, and the wound begins to pull apart. The students asks their instructor, "Did I do something wrong?" The instructor reviews wound healing and replies: a) "Maybe you were a little rough when you pulled out the sutures." b) "Maybe the client was 'picking' at the wound and caused the edges to not be well-approximated." c) "Maybe the sutures were left in too long and impeded healing." d) "Maybe the wound edges were not close enough together to allow epithelialization of the wound to occur."
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d) "Maybe the wound edges were not close enough together to allow epithelialization of the wound to occur." Explanation: Approximation of the wound edges (i.e., suturing of an incision type of wound) greatly enhances healing and prevents infection. Epithelialization of a wound with closely approximated edges occurs within 1 to 2 days. Large, gaping wounds tend to heal more slowly because it is often impossible to effect wound closure with this type of wound. Mechanical factors such as increased local pressure or torsion can cause wounds to pull apart, or dehisce. There are no data to support the other distractors as being valid
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A client who had an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) returns the next week with a fever, chills, and elevated WBC. The physician suspects the wound is infected. If this wound does not respond to antibiotic therapy, the nurse can anticipate the client will undergo: a) Skin grafting b) Debridement c) Whirlpool therapy d) Removal of device
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d) Removal of device Explanation: Wound infections are of special concern in persons with implantation of foreign bodies such as orthopedic devices (e.g., pins, stabilization devices), cardiac pacemakers, and shunt catheters. These infections are difficult to treat and may require removal of the device
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Of the following list of patients, which would likely benefit the most from hyperbaric oxygen therapy? a) A football player who has torn a meniscus in their knee for the third time this year. b) A trauma patient who developed Clostridium spp., an anaerobic bacterial infection in their femur. c) A school-aged child who fell on gravel and has terrible road rash. d) A patient who developed a fistula between their bowel and vaginal following cervical cancer surgery.
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b) A trauma patient who developed Clostridium spp., an anaerobic bacterial infection in their femur. Explanation: Hyperbaric oxygen is a treatment that has demonstrated improved wound healing in multiple types of injuries. It enhances wound healing by a number of mechanisms, including the increased killing of bacteria by neutrophils, impaired growth of anaerobic bacteria, and the promotion of angiogenesis.
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The nurse is caring for a post operative patients documents that the surgical incision is healing by which of the following? a) Primary intention b) Tertiary intention c) Systemic intention d) Secondary intention
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a) Primary intention Explanation: The nurse would document the surgical wound as healing by primary intention as there is no tissue loss. Wounds healing form secondary intention are larger and have a greater loss of tissue and contamination. Wounds do not heal by tertiary intention or systemic intention.
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During a lecture on stem cells, the professor mentions that the first few cells produced after fertilization are totipotent and divide into which types of cells? Select all that apply. a) Terminally differentiated cells b) Highly specialized cells c) Embryonic cells d) Permanent tissues e) Extraembryonic cells
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• Embryonic cells • Extraembryonic cells Explanation: Totipotent stem cells are those produced by a fertilized ovum. The first few cells produced after fertilization are totipotent and can differentiate into embryonic and extraembryonic cells. Neurons, which are highly specialized cells, lose their ability to proliferate once development of the nervous system is complete. The cells in permanent tissues do not proliferate. The cells in these tissues are considered to be terminally differentiated and do not undergo mitotic division in postnatal life.
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Select the statement that best describes stem cells. a) Cells that normally do not divide but are capable of regeneration when confronted with an appropriate stimulus b) Epithelial cells of the skin and gastrointestinal tract are those that continue to regenerate throughout life. c) Undifferentiated cells of continuously dividing tissues that have the capacity to generate multiple cell types d) Cells that are unable to regenerate
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c) Undifferentiated cells of continuously dividing tissues that have the capacity to generate multiple cell types Explanation: Stem cells are undifferentiated cells of continuously dividing tissues that have the capacity to generate multiple cell types. Labile cells, such as the epithelial cells of the skin and gastrointestinal tract, are those that continue to regenerate throughout life. Stable cells, such as those in the liver, are those that normally do not divide but are capable of regeneration when confronted with an appropriate stimulus. Permanent or fixed cells are those that are unable to regenerate
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During a review session discussing cells, a student asks, "What do you call it when a cell becomes more specialized in terms of structure?" Which response answers the question correctly? a) Cell proliferation b) Mitosis c) Matrix d) Cell differentiation
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d) Cell differentiation Explanation: Cell differentiation is the process whereby a cell becomes more specialized in terms of structure and function. Cell proliferation refers to the process of increasing cell numbers by mitotic division. Mitosis is the actual splitting of a cell into two separate daughter cells.
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Select the option that most accurately describes the process resulting in specialized cells. a) Cell cycle b) Apoptosis c) Proliferation d) Differentiation
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d) Differentiation Explanation: Cell differentiation is the process whereby a cell becomes more specialized in terms of structure and function. Cell proliferation refers to the process of increasing cell numbers by mitotic division. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the capacity to generate multiple cell types. Cell death is called apoptosis. The cell cycle is an orderly sequence of events that occur as a cell duplicates its genetic contents and divides
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A client states, "I heard that my healed wound tissue is stronger than my normal tissue. Is that true?" The nurse responds that roughly 3 months after a wound; the wound tensile strength is approximately what percentage from normal? a) 10% of normal b) 50% of normal c) 70% of normal d) 30% of normal
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c) 70% of normal Explanation: Tensile strength increases rapidly over the weeks and then slows, reaching a plateau of approximately 70% to 80% of the tensile strength of unwounded skin at the end of 3 months
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Which of the following clients would be considered a good candidate for hyperbaric oxygen therapy? a) An older adult with history of diabetes and intermittent claudication (poor circulation in the legs) who received a laceration while on the lawnmower b) A motorcycle accident client with lots of "road rash" requiring scrubbing of the wounds with a brush to remove all the debris c) A middle-aged adult who got in a fight and received a laceration above the eye d) A fifth grade student who fell on the playground and broke his femur and developed large hematoma over the injured leg
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a) An older adult with history of diabetes and intermittent claudication (poor circulation in the legs) who received a laceration while on the lawnmower Explanation: Hyperbaric oxygen therapy delivers 100% oxygen at two to three times the normal atmospheric pressure at sea level. The goal of hyperbaric oxygen therapy is to increase oxygen delivery to tissues by increasing the partial pressure of oxygen dissolved in the plasma. Hyperbaric oxygen is currently reserved for the treatment of problem wounds in which hypoxia and infection interfere with healing.
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A family member asks the nurse, "What do they mean when they start taking about stem cells?" Which is the nurse's best response? a) Stem cells have a unique characteristic in that they can renew their cell populations continuously. b) Stem cells are regulated by specific genes and the type of cell growing next to them. c) Stem cells are specialized in terms of their structure and function. d) Stem cells are undifferentiated cells with the capacity to generate multiple different cell types.
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d) Stem cells are undifferentiated cells with the capacity to generate multiple different cell types. Explanation: Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the capacity to generate multiple cell types. Cell differentiation is the process whereby a cell becomes more specialized in terms of structure and function.
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Following surgery for appendicitis, the teenager notes she has 4 small "stab" wounds on her abdomen. She is obviously worried about her body appearance. The nurse explains, "Your body will heal quickly and tissue repair will allow for regeneration of any cells needed." The client asks, "What does regeneration mean?" The nurse responds that tissue repair by regeneration means: a) "Your body will fill-in the wound with connective tissue, making the scar area very strong." b) "Your body will develop a complex matrix of cells that will fill-in the scar giving it greater structure than before." c) "Any injured cells are replaced with cells of the same time. Therefore, after healing, the wound will look like your surrounding skin." d) "Your blood will send stem cells to the area to allow it to heal faster than normal."
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c) "Any injured cells are replaced with cells of the same time. Therefore, after healing, the wound will look like your surrounding skin." Explanation: Tissue repair can take the form of regeneration, in which injured cells are replaced with cells of the same type, sometimes leaving no residual trace of previous injury. Replacement by connective (fibrous) tissue will lead to scar formation. or fibrosis
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While studying for a pathophysiology exam on cells and tissue repair, a student asks, "What happens if, in the process of going through the cell cycle, a cell is damaged?" Which is the best response? a) "The cell will die at that point since it will not have an accurate DNA replication." b) "There are built in checkpoints in the cell cycle to allow for defects to be edited and repaired." c) "I guess that is how you get skin cancer, the defect was allowed to complete the cycle and continue reproducing defective cells." d) "The cell will complete its cycle with an end result that one of the daughter cells will not be identical to that of the parent cell."
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b) "There are built in checkpoints in the cell cycle to allow for defects to be edited and repaired." Explanation: Within the cell cycle are checkpoints where pauses or arrests can be made if the specific events in the phases of the cell cycle have not been completed. There are also opportunities for ensuring the accuracy of DNA replication. These DNA damage checkpoints allow for any defects to be edited and repaired, thereby ensuring that each daughter cell receives a full complement of genetic information, identical to that of the parent cell.
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Which responsibility of the extracellular matrix (ECM) most accurate? a) The ECM provides the scaffolding for tissue renewal. b) An injured body part can be restored without the ECM. c) When the basement membrane is disrupted, cells will proliferate in an organized fashion. d) The structural integrity of the ECM does not have to remain intact for healing to occur.
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a) The ECM provides the scaffolding for tissue renewal. Explanation: The ECM provides the scaffolding for tissue renewal. Although the cells in many tissues are capable of regeneration, injury does not always result in restoration of normal structure unless the ECM is intact. Some of the proteases, such as the collagenases, are highly specific, cleaving particular proteins at a small number of sites. This allows for the structural integrity of the ECM to be retained while healing occurs.
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A client with a torn rotator cuff has been asked by his physician, a regenerative specialist, to consider allowing transplantation of his own stem cells into his area of injury. This is an example of: a) proper use of corticosteroid injection. b) bone grafting. c) therapeutic cloning. d) surgical repair of the cartilage.
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c) therapeutic cloning. Explanation: One of the most exciting prospects in regenerative medicine is a type of stem cell therapy known as therapeutic cloning. Other potential therapeutic strategies that use stem cells involve the transplantation of stem cells into areas of injury, mobilization of stem cells from the bone marrow into injured tissues, and use of stem cell culture systems to produce large amounts of differentiated stem cells for transplantation into injured tissue. It does not involve surgical repair, steroid injections, or bone grafting.
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An infant was born with facial nerve paralysis that occurred with delivery. As the infant ages, it becomes apparent that the facial muscles affected by the nerve damage are not moving. Seeking surgical repair, the family asks why the damage to the child's face is not being repaired by the body. The healthcare provider states that neurons [connected to the facial muscles] are highly specialized cells that: a) cannot repair themselves without growth factors coming to the area. b) will require stem cell injections in order to start the repair process. c) cannot divide and repair themselves without a parent cell of the same lineage. d) lose their ability to proliferate once development of the nervous system is complete.
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d) lose their ability to proliferate once development of the nervous system is complete. Explanation: Neurons, which are highly specialized cells, lose their ability to proliferate once development of the nervous system is complete. In constant renewing cell populations, like the GI tract, the more specialized cells are unable to divide and rely on parent cells of the same lineage. Growth factors aide in tissue repair, not repair of neurons.
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When caring for a client with a wound that is healing by primary intention the nurse recognizes which of these best describes this type of wound? a) Fibrin clot (scab) b) Abcess c) Surgical incision d) Burn injury
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c) Surgical incision Explanation: A sutured surgical incision is an example of healing by primary intention. Larger wounds (e.g., burns and large surface wounds) or wounds purposely left open due to infection heal by secondary intention
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The presence of granulation tissue at a wound site is identified by: a) Red, moist tissue b) White wound bed c) Purulent drainage d) Fibrous scar tissue
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a) Red, moist tissue Explanation: Granulation tissue is a glistening red, moist connective tissue that fills the injured area. The other options reflect the presence of scarring, infection, or necrosis
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The nurse is providing discharge instructions for a postoperative client. The nurse determines that teaching about the wound was effective when the client states: a) "I will regain tensile strength in 1 month." b) "I have no activity restrictions now that my wound is strong." c) "I will regain tensile strength of unwounded skin at the end of 3 months." d) "At the end of the first week, wound strength is approximately 100%."
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c) "I will regain tensile strength of unwounded skin at the end of 3 months." Explanation: At the end of the first week, wound strength is approximately 10%. It increases rapidly over the next 4 weeks and then slows, reaching a plateau of approximately 70% to 80% of the tensile strength of unwounded skin at the end of 3 months. Restrictions are necessary until strength is established.
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A nurse conduction a staff inservice on wound healing in older adults determines that the participants are understanding the information when they state that older adults may experience delayed wound healing due to which of the following aging processes? (Select ALL that apply) a) Increased dermal thickness b) Decreased collagen synthesis c) Impaired wound contraction d) Slower reepithelialization
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• Decreased collagen synthesis • Impaired wound contraction • Slower reepithelialization Explanation: The nurse determines that the participants are understanding the information when they state that the wound healing may be delayed in the older adult due to the following aging processs: decreased collagen synthesis, slower reepithelialization, and imparied wound contraction. Additionally, fibroblast synthesis is delayed in the older adult. However the dermal thickness decreases, not increases in the older adult.
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A continuing education nurse in a long-term care facility is discussing wound healing in elderly patients. Due to elderly patients being more likely to have co-morbidities like problems with mobility, diabetes, or vascular problems, the nurses should assess the patients for: Select all that apply. a) Skinned knees from bumping into doors. b) Pressure wounds on buttocks. c) Facial lacerations related to shaving. d) Ischemic ulcer formation in feet. e) Impaired healing related to diabetes.
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• Pressure wounds on buttocks. • Ischemic ulcer formation in feet. • Impaired healing related to diabetes. Explanation: The elderly are more vulnerable to chronic wounds, chiefly pressure, diabetic, and ischemic ulcers, than younger persons, and these wounds heal more slowly. However, these wounds are more likely due to other disorders such as immobility, diabetes mellitus, or vascular disease, rather than aging
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The nurse is assessing the wound of a postoperative client. The client has a 6-inch abdominal wound that is well approximated and closed with surgical suture. The wound does not display any redness or drainage. The nurse would document the healing process as: a) Progressive intention b) Secondary intention c) Primary intention d) Tertiary intention
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Primary intention Explanation: A sutured surgical incision is an example of healing by primary intention. Secondary intention is slower than healing by primary intention and results in the formation of larger amounts of scar tissue. Tertiary intention is a wound that is open and needs to be closed when granulation tissue forms. There is not a progressive intention.
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Which of the following is an example of wound healing by secondary intention? a) Steri-strip-closed sacral skin tear b) Abdominal wound with staples c) An infected burn of the arm d) Leg laceration with sutures
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An infected burn of the arm Correct Explanation: A sutured surgical incision is an example of healing by primary intention. Larger wounds (e.g., burns and large surface wounds) that have a greater loss of tissue and contamination heal by secondary intention. Healing by secondary intention is slower than healing by primary intention and results in the formation of larger amounts of scar tissue.
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The rehabilitation nurse is caring for a client who is recovering from a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) with hemiplegia. The family asks the nurse if the paralysis will be permanent. Upon which of these physiologic rationales should the nurse base the response? a) Permanent paralysis is unlikely as the cells of the brain are labile cells that can replicate throughout the life span. b) It is likely that paralysis is permanent, as nerve cells do not normally regenerate. c) Permanent paralysis will probably not occur because the neurologic cells are stable cells that divide only when tissue damage occurs. d) Paralysis is likely permanent, as inflammation causes brain swelling
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It is likely that paralysis is permanent, as nerve cells do not normally regenerate. Correct Explanation: Labile cells continue to divide and replicate throughout life, replacing cells that are continually being destroyed. Stable cells are those that normally stop dividing when growth ceases; however, they are capable of regeneration when confronted with an appropriate stimulus. Permanent or fixed cells, including nerve cells, skeletal muscle cells, and cardiac muscle cells cannot undergo mitotic division. Once destroyed, they are replaced with fibrous scar tissue. Exudate into a wound area is generally short-lived; however, once damaged, the nerve cells cannot regenerate
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When caring for a client who has developed bacterial pneumonia, the nurse assesses for which of these abnormalities that supports presence of infection? a) Thrombocytopenia b) Leukocytosis c) Elevated eosinophils d) Neutropenia
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Leukocytosis Explanation: Bacterial infections produce a relatively selective increase in neutrophils (neutrophilia), a type of white blood cell, whereas parasitic and allergic responses induce eosinophilia. Viral infections tend to produce a decrease in neutrophils (neutropenia) and an increase in lymphocytes (lymphocytosis). Thrombocytes or platelets assist in blood clotting. Neutropenia refers to a decrease in neutrophils, a type of WBCs during times of immunosuppression or immunocompromise
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The wound care nurse is teaching a group of nurses about wound healing. Presence of which of these situations that interfere with wound healing should the nurse include in the discussion? Select all that apply. a) Malnutrition b) Children with wounds c) Hyperglycemia d) Superficial wound e) Infections
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• Malnutrition • Hyperglycemia • Infections Correct Explanation: Clients with diabetes and hyperglycemia do not respond well to traditional methods of wound treatment because of their high blood glucose levels. Evidence shows delayed wound healing and complications such as prolonged infections in people with diabetes delay wound healing. Gaping wounds tend to heal more slowly because it is often impossible to effect wound closure with this type of wound. Successful wound healing depends in part on adequate stores of proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins (C), and minerals. Children's wounds tend to heal well.
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An infant was born with facial nerve paralysis that occurred with delivery. As the infant ages, it becomes apparent that the facial muscles affected by the nerve damage are not moving. Seeking surgical repair, the family asks why the damage to the child's face is not being repaired by the body. The healthcare provider states that neurons [connected to the facial muscles] are highly specialized cells that: a) will require stem cell injections in order to start the repair process. b) cannot repair themselves without growth factors coming to the area. c) cannot divide and repair themselves without a parent cell of the same lineage. d) lose their ability to proliferate once development of the nervous system is complete.
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lose their ability to proliferate once development of the nervous system is complete. Explanation: Neurons, which are highly specialized cells, lose their ability to proliferate once development of the nervous system is complete. In constant renewing cell populations, like the GI tract, the more specialized cells are unable to divide and rely on parent cells of the same lineage. Growth factors aide in tissue repair, not repair of neurons.
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Which responsibility of the extracellular matrix (ECM) most accurate? a) The structural integrity of the ECM does not have to remain intact for healing to occur. b) The ECM provides the scaffolding for tissue renewal. c) When the basement membrane is disrupted, cells will proliferate in an organized fashion. d) An injured body part can be restored without the ECM.
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The ECM provides the scaffolding for tissue renewal. Explanation: The ECM provides the scaffolding for tissue renewal. Although the cells in many tissues are capable of regeneration, injury does not always result in restoration of normal structure unless the ECM is intact. Some of the proteases, such as the collagenases, are highly specific, cleaving particular proteins at a small number of sites. This allows for the structural integrity of the ECM to be retained while healing occurs.
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A client sustained an injury 3 days ago. The nurse is assessing the status of the wound. The nurse anticipates the phase of healing to be: a) Collagen b) Proliferative c) Remodeling d) Inflammatory
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Proliferative Correct Explanation: The proliferative phase begins within 2 to 3 days of an injury and focuses on building new tissue to fill the wound. The inflammatory phase begins at the time of the injury occurrence. The remodeling phase occurs approximately 3 weeks after the injury, and there is not a collagen phase.
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The nurse admitting a client with an infected leg wound notes that the client has a history of peripheral vascular disease, COPD, and diabetes, and GERD. Which disorders increase the client's risk for wound complications? (Select ALL that apply) a) Diabetes b) Peripheral vascular disease c) COPD d) GERD
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• Diabetes • Peripheral vascular disease • COPD Correct Explanation: The disorders that would increase the client's risk for wound complications include peripheral vascular disease,COPD, diabetes and those disorders that impede adequate blood flow and oxygen delivery to the wound bed.
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The nurse is caring for a client with an infected wound that is left to heal by secondary intention. Which of these observations does the nurse expect to make during assessment of the wound area? a) The wound is healing slowly with epithelial and scar tissues present. b) A large mass of scar tissue has developed at the original wound site. c) Sutures or staples are present in the wound. d) The scar tissue present is larger than the original wound.
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The wound is healing slowly with epithelial and scar tissues present. Correct Explanation: Wounds healing by secondary intention undergo wound contraction resulting in a scar considerably smaller than the original wound. Cosmetically, this may be desirable because it reduces the size of the visible defect. Keloids result from abnormal wound healing, resulting in tumor-like masses caused by excess production of scar tissue. Sutures are present in wounds healing by primary intention
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Metalloproteinase requires which mineral to be present before degraduation of collagen occurs? a) Magnesium b) Calcium c) Zinc d) Iron
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Zinc Correct Explanation: The degradation of collagen and other ECM proteins is achieved through a family of metalloproteinases, which require zinc for their activity. Their synthesis may be suppressed pharmacologically by corticosteroids
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A client has arrived in the emergency department with massive blood loss from a lacerated liver. Knowing the physiological principles behind the capacity for cells to regenerate, the client's body will likely: a) Pull fluid from the tissues to maintain a reasonable blood pressure b) Begin a cell cycle so stem cells can undergo numerous mitotic divisions c) Stimulate rapid proliferation of RBCs by the blood-forming progenitor cells of the bone marrow d) Activate the tissue cells to start producing stem cells
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Stimulate rapid proliferation of RBCs by the blood-forming progenitor cells of the bone marrow Explanation: Continuously dividing tissues are those in which the cells continue to divide and replicate throughout life, replacing cells that are continually being destroyed. These tissues can readily regenerate after injury as long as a pool of stem cells is preserved. Bleeding, for example, stimulates the rapid proliferation of replacement cells by the blood-forming progenitor cells of the bone marrow. Another type of tissue cell, called a stem cell, remains incompletely differentiated throughout life. As mature cells die, the tissue is replenished by the differentiation of cells generated from stem cells.
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When discussing cellular replication with a client with chronic kidney disease, the client asks, "Can't my body just repair or grow a new kidney?" The nurse responds, "The kidney is a stable tissue and has only limited replicative capacity. In humans, the exception to this is the: a) pancreas." b) heart." c) liver." d) lungs."
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liver." Correct Explanation: Stable tissues contain cells that normally stop dividing when growth ceases. Cells in these tissues remain quiescent in the G0 stage of the cell cycle. However, these cells are capable of undergoing regeneration when confronted with an appropriate stimulus. With the exception of the liver, stable cells have only limited replicative capacity. The heart, lungs, and pancrease are considered permanent tissues that do not proliferate
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One of the pathophysiology students recognized hyaluronic acid (a component of the extracellular matrix) as a supplement she buys at the health store following a knee injury. Knowing what this substance is, the student shares with her peers that it: a) lubricates joints and serves as a supportive structure in the extracellular space throughout the body. b) synthesizes collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers. c) regulates cell proliferation and is important in tissue maintenance and wound repair. d) is an integral part of the structural scaffolding in almost every tissue especially muscles.
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lubricates joints and serves as a supportive structure in the extracellular space throughout the body. Explanation: Water-hydrated gels (e.g., proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid) permit resilience and lubrication [of joints, skin, etc.]. Fibroblasts are responsible for the synthesis of collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers. Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are potent regulators of cell proliferation, differentiation and function and are critically important in normal development, tissue maintenance and wound repair. The laminin family of glycoproteins are an integral part of the structural scaffolding in almost every tissue of an organism. They are secreted and incorporated into cell-associated extracellular matrices. Laminin is vital for the maintenance and survival of tissues. Defective laminins can cause muscles to form improperly, leading to a form of muscular dystrophy.
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A client with a complete tear of the rotator cuff in the right shoulder was given the choice between surgery and stem cell transplant. The client chose to try the stem cell injection. The client asked the health care provider, "How does this work on my shoulder?" The best response would be: a) Bone marrow stem cells have been shown to generate cartilage, bone, and muscle when injected directly into the injured site. b) In addition to stem cells, the physician will give you some growth factor to help your body build more muscle mass. c) The stem cells will circulate through your arterial system and come to rest in any area that is inflamed and in need of repair. d) Stem cell injection is similar to a blood transfusion in that the cells will bring more oxygen and nutrients to the damaged tissue.
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Bone marrow stem cells have been shown to generate cartilage, bone, and muscle when injected directly into the injured site. Explanation: Whether adult stem cells have a differentiation capacity similar to that of embryonic stem cells remains the subject of current debate and research. Thus far, bone marrow stem cells have been shown to have very broad differentiation capabilities, being able to generate not only blood cells but also fat, cartilage, bone, endothelial, and muscle cells
