question

Pea plants are normally _____ (_____)(______). So, in order to conduct crosses between different plants, Mendel opened the _____ before the _____ (male sex organs) were fully developed, removed the _____, and then dusted the _____ (female sex organ) with pollen from a different plants male sex organs.

answer

self-fertilizing; pure-breeding; homozygous; buds; anthers; anthers; stigma

question

a cross between two individuals that differ in a single characteristic/*more specifically, a cross between individuals that are homozygous for different alleles at the same locus (AA x aa); also refers to a cross between two individuals that are heterozygous for two alleles at a single locus (Aa x Aa)

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monohybrid cross

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first set of parents in a genetic cross

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P (parental) generation

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first set of parents in a genetic cross

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P (parental) generation

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an organism that always passes down a certain phenotypic trait to its offspring; an organism is referred to as this for each trait to which this applies; in Mendelian genetics, this means that an organism must be homozygous for every trait for it is considered this

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true breeding organism (pure-bred)

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To conduct a monohybrid cross, each parent is chosen to be _____ or _____ for a given locus.

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homozygous (true-breeding)

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offspring of the initial parents (P) in a genetic cross; the second generatino of a genetic cross

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F1 (first filial) generation

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offspring of hte F1 generation in a genetic cross; the third generation of a genetic cross

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F2 (second filial) generation

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crosses in which the phenotype of the male and female parents are reversed; for example, in one cross, a tall male is crosses with a short female and, in the other cross, a short male is crossed with a tall female

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reciprocal crosses

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refers to an allele or a phenotype that is expressed in homozygoes (AA) and in heterozygoes (Aa); only the dominant allele is expressed in a heterozygote phenotype

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dominant

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refers to an allele or phenotype that is expressed only when the recessive allele is present in two copies (homozygous); the recessive alelle is not expressed in the heterozygote phenotype

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recessive

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important principle of heredity discovered by Mendel that states that each diploid individual possesses two alleles at a locus and that these two alleles separate when gametes are formed, one allele going into each gamete (IN EQUAL PROPORTIONS)

answer

principle of segregation (Mendels first law)

question

principle of heredity discovered by Mendel stating that, when two different alelles are present in a genotype, only one allele may be expressed in the phenotype; the dominant allele is the allele that is expressed, and the recessive allele is the allele that is not expressed

answer

concept of dominance

question

Based upon the fact that the F1 generation was able to have homozygous offspring, what conclusions did Mendel draw?

answer

1. Each F1 plant must have two genetic factors encoding a character. */ 2. The two alleles in each plant separate when gametes are formed, and one allele goes into each gamete.

question

Based upon the fact that the F1 generation possessed two different alleles for seed shape but only expressed one of them, what was the third conclusion that Mendel drew?

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3. the concept of dominance

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Based upon the ratios of seed shape in the F2 generation, what was the fourth conclusion that Mendel drew?

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4. the two alleles of an individual plant separate with equal probability into the gametes

question

independent separation of chromosome pairs in anaphase I of meiosis; contributes to genetic variation

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independent assortment (Mendels second law)

question

states that genes are located on chromosomes

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chromosome theory of heredity

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Who proposed the chromosome theory of heredity?

answer

Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri (separately)

question

_____ in anaphase I of meiosis I is the biological basis of the law of segregation. It is also [technically] the reason why each gamete receives only one allele for each character, though, if you want to get technical, anaphase II is also rather important.

answer

chromosome segregation

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cross between an F1 individual and one of the parental (P) genotypes

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backcross

question

shorthand method of determining the outcome of a genetic cross; on a grid, the gametes of one parent are written along the upper edge and the gametes of the other parenet are written along the left-hand edge; within the cells of the grid, the alleles in the gametes are combined to form the genotypes of the offspring

answer

Punnett square

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a block within a Punnett square

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cell

question

Name the two types of ratios that can be divulged using a Punnett square.

answer

genotypic ratio and phenotypic ratio

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likelihood of the occurrence of a particular event; more formally, the number of times that a particular EVENT occurs divided by the number of all POSSIBLE OUTCOMES; values range from 0 to 1

answer

probability

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The probability of a particular event may be determined by knowing something about _____ the event occurs or _____ it occurs.

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how; how often

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states that the probability of two or more independent events occurring together is calculated by multiplying the probabilities of each of the individual events

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multiplication rule

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The key indicator for applying the multiplication rule is the word _____.

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and

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states that the probability of any of two or more mutually exclusive events occurring is calculated by adding the probabilities of the individual events

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addition rule

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_____ events cannot happen at the same time.

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mutually exclusive

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The key indicators for applying the addition rule are the words _____ and _____.

answer

either; or

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The binomial expansion takes the form _____, where p equls the _____, q equals the ______, and n equals the _____.

answer

(p+q)^n; probability of one event; probability of the alternative event;number of times the event occurs

question

What are the three rules one must know to solve a binomial expansion?

answer

1. The expansion of any binomial (p+q)^n consists of a series of n+1 terms. 2. Figure out the exponents of each term in the answer. 3. Determine the coefficient of each term in the answer.

question

Expand this binomial: p = 1/4 and q = 3/4 and n = 5.

answer

(p^5) + (5p^4q) + (10p^3q^2) + (10p^2q^3) + (5pq^4) + (q^5)

question

If you do not want to use a binomial expansion to determine the probability of any particular combination of events, what formula can you use?

answer

P = (n!/s!t!)p^(s)q^(t), where "P" equals the overall probability of event "X" with probability p occurring "s" times and event "Y" with probability "q" occurring "t" times

question

!

answer

factorial

question

a cross between an individual with an unknown genotype and an individual with the homozygous recessive genotype

answer

testcross

question

What is the purpose of conducting a testcross?

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to reveal the unknown genotype of an individual

question

When a testcross is performed, any ______ allele in the unknown genotype is expressed in the progeny because it will be paired with a recessive allele from the homozygous recessive parent.

answer

recessive

question

A testcross is a cross between an individual with an unknown genotype and one with a _____ genotype.

answer

homozygous recessive

question

Uppercase and lowercase letters designate what, respectively?

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uppercase = dominant allele lowercase = recessive allele

question

True/False: Two or three letters may be used to designate a single allele.

answer

true

question

the trait (phenotype) or allele that is most commonly found in natural (wild) populations (thus, it has two very different definitions within this one definition)

answer

wild type

question

How is the wild-type allele symbolized?

answer

letter(s)^(+), in which the letters are usually based on the mutant (unusual) phenotype

question

True/False: Sometimes the letters for the wild-type allele are dropped, an the allele is represented simply by a (+) sign.

answer

true

question

Superscripts and subscripts are sometimes added to distinguish between genes. Describe what you see in the image.

answer

The image is of designations for two dominant mutant alleles that each encode for the same thing but are found at different loci.

question

Superscripts and subscripts are sometimes added to distinguish between genes. Describe what the R tells you in the image.

answer

The R indicates that this is the dominant allele that "Restricts" the length of the ears in goats.

question

Ln and ln

answer

Ln = dominant ln = recessive

question

A _____ is used to distinguish alleles present in an individual genotype.

answer

slash, e.g., G/g

question

Describe a simple genetic cross.

answer

A simple genetic cross is one in which a single locus is under consideration, and one of the alleles is dominant over the other.

question

Create a table and write out the three phenotypic ratios that you must know. (A blank table is attached to this flashcard.)

answer

Ok

question

all of the offspring have the same phenotype

answer

uniform progeny

question

A simplified genotypic or phenotypic ratio should only have _____ numbers.

answer

whole

question

all the offspring have the same genotype

answer

uniform progeny

question

Create a table and write out the three genotypic ratios that you must know. (A blank table is attached to this flashcard.)

answer

Ok

question

What are the five steps to solving a binomial expansion.

answer

1. designate what your variables are 2. write the binomial 3. determine how many terms you will have and use an underline to designate each spot 4. figure out exponents 5. figure out coefficients

question

What are the five steps to solving a binomial expansion.

answer

1. designate what your variables are 2. write the binomial 3. determine how many terms you will have and use an underline to designate each spot 4. figure out exponents 5. figure out coefficients

question

What are the five steps to solving a binomial expansion.

answer

1. designate what your variables are 2. write the binomial 3. determine how many terms you will have and use an underline to designate each spot 4. figure out exponents 5. figure out coefficients

Self-Fertilizing Pea Plants

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