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Refers to a set of values, beliefs, truths, and principles that guide the education, practice, and scholarship of the profession.

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Professional Philosophy

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Metaphysics, Epistemology, and Axiology

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General Philosophy areas of concern

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is concerned with the nature of humankind and addresses how humans engage, organize their lives, and find meaning and interact with others.

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Metaphysics

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related to the nature, origin, and limits of human knowledge and investigates such questions as "How do we know these things?" and "How do we know that we know?"

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Epistemology

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concerned with the study of values. This area explores questions of desirability and ethics, such as "What are the standards and rules of right conduct?"

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Axiology

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The philosophical base was adopted in 1979 and updated in 2011. All individuals have an innate need and right to engage in meaningful occupations throughout their lives; participation influences development, health, and well being. Occupations occur within diverse, social, physical, cultural, personal, temporal, or virtual contexts. The focus and outcome of OT are individuals' engagement in meaningful occupations that support participation in life. OT is based on the belief that occupation may be used for promotion of health, wellness, remediation, restoration, disease and injury prevention, and compensation/adaptation.

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Philosophical Base of OT

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Professionals using a reductionistic approach specialize in specific areas and treat the body functions independently for greater expediency and efficiency. The purpose is to isolate, define, and treat specific body functions with specific problems. This approach has been successful in producing cures and technological developments.

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Reductionistic Approach

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emphasizes the organic and functional relationship between the parts and the whole being. It maintains that a person is a whole--- an interaction of biological, psychological, sociocultural, and spiritual elements. If one part of the whole is disturbed, there will be a reflection of that disruption across the whole.

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Holistic Approach

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People are viewed holistically.

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1

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people are active beings for whom occupation is critical to well-being.

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2

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Occupations are classified as: activities of daily living, instrumental activities of daily living, self-care, education, work, play and leisure, sleep and rest, and participation in social activities.

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3

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Learning entails experience, thinking, feeling, and doing

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4

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The profession views occupation as both a means and an end

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5

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Every person has the potential for change

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6

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The client, family, and significant others are active participants throughout the therapeutic process- the client-centered approach

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7

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Occupational therapy is based on humanism, wherein the values of altruism, equality, freedom, justice, dignity, truth, and prudence are central to the profession

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8

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The person's behaviors influence the physical and social environment; in turn, the person is affected by changes in the environment.

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Active beings

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Occupations are activities that are meaningful to individuals and add to their daily lives. Each person performs certain occupations (e.g. feeding, dressing, bathing, social participation, work, education, sleep and rest, leisure). These occupations are essential to one's identity and well-being.

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Occupation

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the range of occupations and activities the make up people's lives

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1

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the skills used by people to perform occupations and activities (performance skills)

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2

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the habits, routines, and roles that are assumed by individuals in carrying out occupations or activities (performance patterns)

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3

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the internal or external context, or conditions in which occupation occurs and influences performance (cultural, personal, physical, social, temporal, and virtual)

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4

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the demands of the activity that require skill and affect the success of performance

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5

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the factors that reside within the client and influence performance, such as physiological and psychological body functions and anatomical body structures

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6

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the ability to carry out activities of daily life: Activities of daily living, instrumental activities of daily living, rest and sleep, education activities, work activities, play and leisure activities, and social participation

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Occupational Performance

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a culturally defined pattern of occupation that reflects particular routines and habits

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Role

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OT emphasizes "doing" as this primary form of skills acquisition

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Primary mechanism for learning and relearning skills

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a general class of human actions that are goal directed

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Activity

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considered the basic units of behavior and are the simplest form of an action

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Tasks

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the use of a specific occupation to being about a change in the client's performance

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Occupation as a means

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the desired outcome or product of intervention

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Occupation as an end

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What is meaningful and provides satisfaction to an individual is determined by the experience of that individual

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Quality of Life

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central to OT practice because only the client can determine his or her quality of life, and, consequently, he or she must help the practitioner understand his or her experience.

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Client-centered approach

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a belief that the client should be treated as a person, not an object

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Humanism

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the unselfish concern for the welfare of others. Demonstrated by caring, dedication, responsiveness, and understanding to the client.

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Altruism

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treating all individuals equally, with an attitude of fairness and impartiality, and respecting beliefs, values, and lifestyles in day-to-day interactions

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Equality

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an individual's right to exercise choice and to demonstrate independence, initiative, and self-direction. It is demonstrated by OT practitioners with nurturing, providing support/encouragement; enabling each client to develop their inherent potential and independence

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Freedom

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the need for all OT practitioners to abide by the laws that govern the practice and to respect the legal rights of the client

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Justice

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through this value, the uniqueness of each individual is emphasized.

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Dignity

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a value demonstrated through accountable behavior, honesty, and accurate maintenance of professional competence

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Truthfulness

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the ability to demonstrate sound judgement, care, and discretion

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Prudence

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consumers of research that enable providing quality, evidence based service to clients. They advocate for rights of clients to generate policy that assists those in need. They are informed, active professionals whose interest in the client helps serve the public, the profession, and individual.

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OT Practitioner

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examines emerging areas of practice, describes policy issues facing OT, and outlines future issues.

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Centennial Vision

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leads the future direction of a profession or organization. It clarifies values, creates a future, and focuses on a mission.

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Vision

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2017 marks the centennial year of the OT profession. The vision reads, "We envision that occupational therapy is a powerful, widely recognized, science-driven, and evidence based profession with a globally connected and diverse workforce meeting society's occupational needs."

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Centennial Vision

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this vision builds on previous work and states "Occupational therapy maximizes health, well-being, and quality of life for all people, populations, and communities through effective solutions that facilitate participation in everyday living."

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Vision 2025

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AOTA's vision reflects the commitment to return to the roots of the profession: occupation. Practitioners are encouraged to engage in occupation based practice, focusing on helping clients reengage in occupations, as opposed to focusing on specific component skills. Participation in occupations leads to increased motivation, generalization, and improved motor learning.

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Occupation (paragraph summary)

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AOTA former president Carolyn Baum identified the following six emerging areas: Aging in place, Driver assessment s and training programs, Community health and wellness, Needs of children and youth, Ergonomics consulting, and Technology and assistive-device developing and consulting

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Emerging Areas of Practice

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The trend toward staying in the home. Older individuals can receive OT or OTA services at home and continue to be active in their communities (e.g. home modification, consultation, community mobility, energy conservation, education, socialization, and remediation.

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Aging in place

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OT practitioners determine a person's ability to drive after a trauma, illness, or decline in function by evaluating cognitive and physical abilities. Intervention is designed to remediate poor abilities or make adaptations to accommodate for weak or dysfunctional skill.

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Driver assessments and training programs,

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OT practitioners may develop programs to keep clients and communities healthy. Such programs focus on wellnes and prevention of disability, and they help those with disabilities and chronic conditions integrate into the community and contribute to society

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Community health and wellness

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Childhood obesity is a concern among this population. OT practitioners are well suited to developing programs for children to address health and wellness. When children with special needs transition to the public school system, OT's help them function in this educational setting.

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Needs of children and youth

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refers to the study of the problems of people in adjusting to their work environment. Ergonomics consulting involves providing recommendations to individuals and companies on workstation setup to promote safety, efficiency, and comfort to prevent work-related musculoskeletal injury. Examining seating, positioning, lifting, and other physical requirements also falls under OT professional competency.

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Ergonomics consulting

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Assistive technology, is equipment designed to help with communication, computer access, daily living, education and learning, hearing, listening, mobility, transportation, recreation, leisure, seating, positioning, vision, reading, prosthetics, and orthotics. It is designed to help improve life for those clients with disabilities and service the need for independence.

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Technology and assistive-device developing and consulting

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Served as primary editor for 5 editions of the Occupational Therapy for Children and Adolescents. She engaged in research to demonstrate OT's effectiveness in children and youth. She engaged in national studies examining pediatric constraint-induced movement therapy. She completed systematic review of handwriting programs and explored sensory-based practices.

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Dr. Jane Case-Smith (1953-2014)

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Computers, phones, and tablets allows clients to engage in everyday living. For example, an application or app that helps notify a client to take medication or have bus schedules read out to the individual, can be immensely beneficial

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Technology Applications

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Refers to the use of technology to provide health care services, such as OT. Skyping with a family to review a home program may be an effective way to continue consultations, without having to bring a family in or head to the home necessarily.

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Telehealth

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Basing practice on the best available research is termed evidence-based practice. Insurance companies, consumers, and employers require professionals to provide evidence for what they do. They must provide proof that the therapy is cost-effective and beneficial. Additionally, the accreditation council on OT education or ACOTE decided the entry level certification will remain at the master's and doctoral degree, OTA's only require an associates and the entry level requirement was only proposed to change in the year 2025, but it has not been definite.

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Educational Trends

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Federal laws mandate services, but state legislations determine how the laws are carried out. OT practitioners must be familiar with these laws/policies in order to provide services well.

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Policy and Reimbursement

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seeks to reduce spending while increasing quality of care. It rewards settings that prevent hospital acquired conditions (such as falls) prevent hospital readmission, and patient satisfaction.AOTA works closely with federal policymaker to ensure OT is covered under ACA

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Affordable Care Act of 2010 (ACA)

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refers to the provision of integrated , accessible health-care service by clinicians that are accountable for addressing a large majority of personal health care needs, developing a sustained partnership with patients, an practicing in the context of the family and community.

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Primary Care

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-Improving the individual experience of care -Improving the health of populations and reducing the costs of care -Reducing the costs of care.

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ACA leads to new development of models of practice

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