Chapter 27- World War II Section 1-4 – Flashcards
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Section 1
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Section 1
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Totalitarian government -define their actions and rule -specifics -An example of this type of government ruling through ...
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-Government controls the economy, the press, freedom of speech and every action or life of those in their nation. *Ex:How people learn, look, dress, eat etc. -Government rules through fear. -Only one political party; usually only one in control. -In Germany, if farmers couldn't meet the product demand of government, they didn't get fed.
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Democratic Government
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-Private citizens control economy, have freedom of speech and expression. -Numerous political parties.
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Soviets -death and take over -totalitarian ways -What did the new leader want -Property -What happens with the farmlands
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-V.I. Lenin dies and Joseph Stalin takes power and created a totalitarian state. -The government controls every aspect of life. -Created Five-year Plan for Russia including the increase of industrial and farm production. -There is no private property. -All private farmlands must be given to the government. Then the government divided the land into plots for farmers and told them what to produce and how much. If they didn't meet the standards, they were killed or sent to a work camp.
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Italy -type of country -ruler -goals of the ruler; how he sets out to accomplish this
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-A totalitarian state at this time, controlled by Benito Mussolini. -He wanted to create a New Roman Empire. (Past Roman was very strong and respected all over with all the glory and riches in the world.) -Begins to target other countries to gain respect and land.
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Italy's Aggression -The beginning of aggression solve what leaders goals. -What does the League do?
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-Mussolini creates a large army. -He wants new areas to expand his empire in Africa and invades Ethiopia in 1935. Their outdated weapons and horses make Italy's victory inentable- 4 weeks after the invasion. -King Haile of Ethiopia goes to the League of Nations (Britain and France), but the League is too worried about their own government/economy.
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Nazi Germany -Under Hitler's rule -The government mind control -Prejudice and the Jewish
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-Adolf Hitler gains control of the government from 1933-1945, by playing on the anger from the Treaty of Versailles. -He pretty much ignores the Treaty in general. -Government controlled the press, schools, and media. Issued every family a radio, all channels spoke about how great Hitler and the Nazis were. -Used prejudice and racism to unite his people. * Attacks on Jewish (scapegoat) -Final Solution- create concentration camps in order to gather Jewish for extermination. -(previously was a new democratic nation, but the people blamed democrats for the Treaty of Versailles)
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German is Building Up it's Armed Forces -How does Hitler do this -1936 -1938
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-Under Hitler, Germany built up its military in secret to prevent League interference. (War things built in buildings disguised as schools.) -1936- Hilter sends troops to the Rhineland, event though the troops weren't allowed here since it was a buffer zone between Germany and France. Germany disregarded the treaty and got away with it. No armed force response. -1938- Hitler annexes Austria==> a nation with over 50% German population. -Both times, no League of Nation response, Hitler was testing the boundaries.
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Japan and Their Military -The Japanese switch leaders -1931 -Where does the Japanese take over and why.
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-Japanese people lost faith in their government/emperor so they began to follow military leaders. The emperor was basically a puppet. -In 1931, the Japanese army begins to conquer Northern China (renamed Manchuria), and then most of the country of China. When China goes to the League they do nothing. Another predictable action. Japan wanted more land.
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American Foreign Policy -Isolationism -The acts passed and what did they do/ encouraged -Latin American relations
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-Great Depression keeps the U.S. not involved. -Isolationism gripped the country, and we choose to do nothing even as we are alarmed. -Neutrality Acts banned the sale of arms to countries at war and Americans are urged not to travel on foreign ships because of what happened with the U.S.S. Lusitania. -The U.S. also begins to strength relations with Latin America. -The Good Neighbor Policy removed troops from L.A. countries and gave independence back to Cuba after we stole it.
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Section 2
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Section 2
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Asia contributes to War
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-1937: Japan starts an all-out war against China (North and Central) -Thousands of civilians killed -The United States is alarmed but does nothing.
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Europe's War -Hitler's land -How do Britain and France react
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-1938: Hitler occupies Austria, Czechoslovakia, and the Sudetenland -Violation of the Versailles Treaty -Britain and France issue trade embargos which don't hurt Germany since they have natural resources.
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Munich Conference -countries -end terms -policy -Hitler
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-Great Britain and France meet with Germany. -They allow Hitler to occupy the Sudetenland land in Czechoslovakia and 6 months after this land he took this country over. -Policy of Appeasement: Giving into aggression in order to avoid war -Hitler breaks his promise and invades Poland.
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Germany Invades Poland -when -Pact -Blitzkrieg -Start of war
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-September 1, 1939 -Nazi-Soviet Pact: Stalin and Hitler agree not to attack (Hitler breaks the pact) each other and secretly agreed to divide Poland. -Blitzkrieg: lightning war (new warfare) Surprise attacks that were effective for the first couple of years, but became predictable after a while. -September 3, 1939-- Great Britain and France declare war on Germany. Quickly turns into a World War 2.
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Global Conflict -Axis Powers -Allied Powers
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Axis------Germany, Japan, Italy, and 6 other nations Allied----Great Britain, France, Soviets(later), 45 other countries
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Phony War
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A phase in early World War II marked by few military operations in Continental Europe, in the months following the German invasion of Poland and preceding the Battle of France. Although the great powers of Europe had declared war on one another, neither side had yet committed to launching a significant attack, and there was relatively little fighting on the ground for the 9 month period. -Chamberville thought the war wouldn't occur.
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France Surrenders -when -start
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-June 22, 1940 -May 10, 1940: Germany invades France using their lighting war tactics (From Wikipedia)- May 1940, German forces defeated Allied forces in a series of mobile operations, eventually leading to the conquest of France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands, bringing land operations on the Western Front to an end until 1944.
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Great Britain tries
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They took the ships of Northern France and 3,048 rescued soldiers to kept them away from Hitler.
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Battle of Great Britain -first -G.B. leader -Germany/Hitler
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-The first battle by air as Britain had advantages over the land. -Great Britain's leader throughout most of WW2 is Winston Churchill. -Germany bombed England constantly, but Britain never gave up. -Seeks help from the US. -October 31, 1940: Hitler sees a defeat; stops blitzkrieg as it isn't working out.
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FDR and American Policies -the changes and the deal -slogan -president -the act passed to help -cash and carry
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-Neutrality Acts prohibited the sale of arms to warring nations. -FDR strikes a compromise with isolationists after he runs for his third term and wins greatly. -His campaign slogan is "You don't change a horse during midstream". -Cash and Carry -The US sold war goods to the Allies as long as they paid cash for items and picked them up themselves.
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Destroyers for Bases Deal
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Roosevelt's compromise for helping Britain as he could not sell Britain US destroyers without defying the Neutrality Act; Britain received 50 old but still serviceable US destroyers in exchange for giving the US the right to build military bases on British Islands in the Caribbean for 99 years.
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Lend-Lease Act
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-The warring nations ran out of money with the Cash and Carry Policy. -The Lend-Lease Act: allowed the sale of war goods to any nation whose defense is necessary (President deems vital) to the defense of the US. -The US starts to send airplanes, tanks, guns, and ammunition to Great Britain and the rest of the Allies. -This shows the rest of the world what side the US is on.
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Section 3
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Section 3
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To Prepare the Troops -how many served -the training
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-Over 15 million American citizens- both men and women- served in the armed forces during World War 2. The average serviceman or woman served for 16 months. -They trained in the North African deserts, the Pacific jungles and European farmlands and towns. -Although women were not allowed to directly fight in the military, they often ferried bombers between multiple bases, towed targets and taught men how to use aircraft.
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The Economy is Changing -how did it change -War Production Board -factories -supplies
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-Former President Hoover must have been frowning in his sleep during World War II as the government continued to gain more power over the economy. -The War Production Board eased factories into the production of war goods such as guns, aircrafts and ships etcetera. The automobile factories began to produce tanks and trucks and those making clothing switches to uniforms. -As more supplies were available to soldiers, they were able to defend their countries with less risk to themselves.
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Rationing -define -during WW2 -what was rationed -coupons
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RATIONING- a prepared amount of a certain commodity allowed to a person -During the war consumer goods were rationed as more supplies were shipped off to the soldiers. -In order to access coffee, sugar, meat, shoes and other goods people needed ration coupons. Without them, they couldn't purchase any more items. This is why the black market was so active at this time.
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Victory Gardens
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As the war called for the need of men and arms it also called for the need of resources such as food. When America focused on sending food to the troops. Those at home had to learn to live with limits on what food they could buy. So instead almost all Americans made their own victory garden with vegetables and fruit in order to help them make their own food. In which it also called for communities to unite. The food made from the victory garden was used in order to help families who could no longer buy as much food as they were used to.
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Scrap Drives
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To build tanks, ships, planes, and weapons required massive amounts of metal. A single tank needed 18 tons of metal, and one of the navy's biggest ships took 900 tons. Anything using metal — from chicken wire to farm equipment — was rationed. Americans were urged to turn in scrap metal for recycling, and schools and community groups across the country held scrap metal drives. Celebrities helped promote these efforts. In this publicity photo, actress Rita Hayworth announced that she was "harvesting a bumper crop for Uncle Sam." The caption added that "Besides setting an example by turning in unessential metal car parts, Miss Hayworth has been active in selling war bonds."
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How to Finance a War -how much did the war cost -how did they pay
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-World War 2 cost $296 billion for the United States or $4104 billion today. In order to cover the costs the government raised taxes. -The government also sold war bonds and big stars took part in numerous drives as well as other events to raise money and spirit.
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Propaganda during World War 2
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PROPAGANDA- biased information used to convince people to encourage or reject a political cause or perceptive -It was used in World War 2 for many reasons including convincing the public to join the army, buy bonds, grow victory gardens and work in factories.
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The Ladies Serve Their Countries -the jobs -how did women help -Rosie the Riveter
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-Jobs were opening during World War II, as the economic stance begin to rise for the first time after the Great Depression. Men left their jobs to take up arms overseas. -Women like Kate Grant began to take up all sorts of jobs ranging from secretaries to teachers to police women. -Many became Air Force pilots. They also worked in factories building weapons and other war necessities. -Rosie the Riveter was a female icon during WW2. She represented all women working in factories and shipyards.
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African Americans in World War 2 -how many volunteered -discrimination -factory jobs -President Roosevelt [stops] -Segeration -Dorie Miller
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-180,000 were volunteers in WW2. -Although some discrimination was put to an end during the war, it was still a major issue. Factories hung signs stating, "Help Wanted, White". -When President Roosevelt ended this type of discrimination, fights over housing and jobs led to clashes between blacks and whites. -Segregation in the military meant that African American soldiers had to "stay together" and were commanded by white officers. Dorie Miller was a navy mess man who saved many lives and fought against the Japanese during Pearl Harbor.
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Tuskegee Airmen
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One notable black troop was known as the Tuskegee airmen. The group consisted of fighter pilots who set a record by destroying 400 enemy planes. None of the bombers escorted by them were shot down.
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Native Americans -how did they help -Navajo
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The Navajo soldiers used their own language as a code for sending information between troops. Despite their best efforts, when the Japanese intercepted the messages, they could not understand them. This is why Navajo soldiers were pegged as Navajo code-talkers.
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Japanese -after Pearl Harbor -relocation camps *how many sent *conditions -Japanese Troop that was honored -1988 -survivors compensation
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-After the attack on Pearl Harbor the loyalty of Japanese Americans came into play. Siding with the public opinion- without any evidence- President Roosevelt moved Japanese Americans over 100,000 into relocation camps, forcing them to sell their homes and businesses. -At the relocation camps there were barely any outhouses, and the areas were crowded and dirty. Disease ran amok. But despite this treatment many Japanese Americans served in the military risking their lives for a country that turned its back on them. -One Japanese unit, the 442nd Nisei Regimental Combat Team, was highly honored. -In 1988, the U.S. offered $20,000 to every camp survivor. Unfortunately, many in the camps died, never receiving this compensation.
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Latinos -guy -served -bracero program
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-Numerous Puerto Rican and Mexican Americans served during the war, earning a variety medals for their bravery. After capturing 1,000 Japanese, Guy Gabaldon receive a Silver Star. -An agreement between Mexico and The United States allowed for the bracero program. This gave the country permission to recruit Mexican workers. Some came to work on farms and railroads, yet faced much discrimination.
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Section 4
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Section 4
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Time of Peril -Axis early on -G.B. under attack -General -plan
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-In early 1942 Germany and Japan seemed unbeatable. Germany was attacking Great Britain in the west and the Soviet Union in the east. -Japan had much control over most of the Pacific. -General MacArthur was the commander of the Commander of the Pacific Fleet. -Plan was to defeat Hitler first, but we still attacked Japan.
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Turning Point of The War
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-Battle of Midway; 1942 -First victory over the Japanese forces in the Pacific -Prevented more attacks on Pearl Harbor.
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Battle of Midway
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U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942, in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. It marked a turning point in the pacific theater of World War II. PREVENTED attacks on Pearl Harbor.
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Success in North Africa -Brit and Americans -US general -1943
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-British and American forces began to push back the Germans. -The US overall General was General Patton. -After controlling North Africa, the Allies win control over Italy. -In 1943, Mussolini resigns and the Italian government leaves the war.
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D-Day -when and why -paratroops -how long -included -Normandy -how many troops -landed -why so many causalities (in part) -Dwight D. Eisenhower -Soviets and Americans -one week -AKA
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(FDR) , June 6, 1944 (was suppose to be the fifth but bad weather prevented this). -Paratroops suck past enemy lines. -Used so Germany would be weakened by a two front war. -Took three years to organize this massive invasive including 3 million troops, 4,000 ships and a lot of training. -Normandy is a beach in Northern France. -10,000 die trying to land on one beach alone. -160,000 Allied troops landed along a 50-mile stretch of heavily-fortified French coastline to fight Nazi Germany on the beaches of Normandy, France. General Dwight D. Eisenhower called the operation a crusade in which "we will accept nothing less than full victory." More than 5,000 Ships and 13,000 aircraft supported the D-Day invasion, and by day's end on June 6, the Allies gained a foot- hold in Normandy. (Many causalities; the troops landing had little to no cover from open fire.) -The Soviets fight from the east and the Americans and British the west. -One week invasion takes over 100,000 lives. -AKA: Operation Overlord
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Advancing on Germany
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-Great Britain and the U.S. fight from the west. -The Soviets fight on the east. -Both sides are racing to Berlin, Germany's capital. Germany is the last Axis power in Europe.
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New President -FDR -The V.P.
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-FDR runs for a fourth term and wins by a lot, but suffers from a stroke and dies on April 12, 1945 shortly after winning. -After he dies many mourn him all over the world. -Vice President Harry Truman becomes President in April 1945. He did not know the war plans in detail. (big problem)
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Victory (In Europe) -when -how -Hitler -Mussolini -officially over (in Europe)
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-April 25, 1945; Soviet and American troops meet outside Berlin and Hitler hid in his underground bunker and commits suicide with Eva Braun, his wife. He did not want to see Germany lose. -May 8, 1945---> Germany surrenders -N-E Day -The war in Europe is over, but Japan is still fighting so WW2 isn't over yet.
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General Eisenhower
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A US Army general who held the position of supreme Allied commander in Europe, among many others. He was best known for his work in planning Operation Overlord, the Allied invasion of Europe.
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Battle of Coral Sea
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Fought on May 7-8 1942; Caused heavy losses on both sides; Japanese won a tactical victory because they sank US carrier Lexington; Americans claimed a strategic victory by stopping Japan's drive towards Australia.
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Kamikaze
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Japanese suicide pilots who loaded their planes with explosives and crashed them into American ships. -over 3,000 pilots (some volunteered) -Believed that this was their destiny to honor their country.
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Battle of Leyte Gulf
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1944 World War II naval battle between the United States and Japan. Largest naval engagement in history. Japanese navy was defeated.
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Battle of Stalingrad
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-First time Hitler surrenders to Soviets -1942-1943 -due to arctic like weather and Russian troops. -big mistake to break the pact.
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Section 5
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Section 5
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The Pacific Campaign
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-U.S. forces controlled by General MacArthur (Pacific) had two goals: Regain the Philippines which happens in 1943 and Invade Japan.
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Island Hopping -famous battles -define and why -objective
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To invade Japan the US forces capture some of the islands under Japanese control and skipped some of the others. -The objective was to conquer important islands and get close enough to attack Japan. Famous Battles -Battle of Midway -Iwo Jima -Ohinawa
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Iwo Jima and Ohinawa -how long did they take -deaths
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-Iwo Jima took 1 1/2 months. -Ohinawa took 2 months, although many thought it would be an easy victory (only take 2 weeks). Over 100,000 Americans died. -Both battles took many American lies.
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April 1945 -forces invading -dead -causalities estimated
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-U.S. forces are close enough for a land invasion. -Small battles of first not able to launch big battle. -American generals estimate if we invade causalities could be around 50,000 to 250,000. -Hitler, Mussolini, and President Roosevelt dead.
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July 1945 -meeting with who -did Truman know -the difficult choice -one bomb -code name -warnings -tells who
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-Truman is meeting with Churchill and Stalin in Germany at the Potsdam. -Truman didn't know that the atomic bomb was being built in New Mexico over over 120 scientists, many were refugees from Germany. He had to save soldiers or innocent citizens. -One bomb can destroy an entire city and the construction of these bombs was known as the Manhattan Project. -Warnings are sent to Japan. But they believe we are bluffing. After all, we would too. -Tells Britain but not the Soviets creating the tension that leads to the Cold War.
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August 1945
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-August 6, 1945 *The Enola Gay takes off dropping the first bomb, called Little Boy after FDR, on Hiroshima. *Kills 70,000 people and destroys the city. At first Japan doesn't give up, but it WAS Pearl Harbor that brought the US to forgo isolationism. Tragedy awakes the fighting spirit. -August 9, 1945 *Atomic Bomb dropped again on the city of Nagaski. (as if the effects of the first one weren't sad enough) *Kills 40,000 people -100,000 die due to the radiation, slowly and painfully.
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V-J Day
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-September 2, 1945 -Japan surrenders and there is a Big Celebration in the U.S.
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Costs of the Second World War -deaths -cities
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-Estimated 30 to 60 million deaths (Stalin, Tojo, Hitler and Mussolini together killed at least 121 million, more than either war...) -Many cities destroyed; not a contained war. -Find out about the Holocaust.
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The Holocaust
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The Holocaust took place in Europe between 1993 and 1945. Six million Jews were systematically and brutally murdered by the Nazis and their collaberators. Miliions of non-Jews, including Roma and Sinti(Gypsies), Serbs, political dissidents, people with disabilities, homosexuals and Jehova's Witnesses (5 million), were also persecuted by the Nazis.
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Nuremberg Trials
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-1945-->1946 -12 Nazi leaders sentenced to death -Thousands of other Nazis were found guilty and put in prison. -Many Nazi fled to South America and are still being found and persecuted today. -Oscar Gronic--> turned himself at over 90 years of age to prove that the Holocaust did happen and got 4 years in jail due to old age and 300,000 of assistance to murder. -Something similar in Japan occurs; Tojo is sentenced there,
