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"new imperialism"

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Historians' term for the late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century wave of conquests by European powers, the United States, and Japan, which were followed by the development and exploitation of the newly conquered territories. (p. 726)

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Suez Canal

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A canal linking the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea. It was a vital trade route in the British Empire during imperialism, and continues to link North Africa and Europe to Asia today.

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Panama Canal

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The United States built the Panama Canal to have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa. It cost $400,000,000 to build. Columbians would not let Americans build the canal, but then with the assistance of the United States a Panamanian Revolution occurred. The new ruling people allowed the United States to build the canal.

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jingoism

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Aggressive nationalism

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xenophobia

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a fear or hatred of foreigners or strangers

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Herbert Spencer

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(1820-1903)-English philosopher who argued that in the difficult economic struggle for existence, only the "fittest" would survive.

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"scramble for Africa"

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Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts.

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social Darwinism

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19th century of belief that evolutionary ideas theorized by Charles Darwin could be applied to society.

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Leopold II

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Belgian king who ruthlessly exploited the natives on his African land for personal gain.

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Berlin Conference

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(1884-1885) During European Imperialism, various European leaders met in Berlin, Germany to discuss plans for dividing Africa peacefully. These leaders had little regard for African independence, and had no representation for native Africans. This began the process of imperializing Africa.

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Fashoda

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Military confrontation between Great Britain and France in the Sudan in 1898

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Menelik II

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Emperor of Ethiopia who played Italians, British, and French against each other while buying weapons from France and Russia. In the Battle of Adowa, Ethiopian forces successfully defeated the Italians and maintained their independence.

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Cecil Rhodes

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Born in 1853, played a major political and economic role in colonial South Africa. He was a financier, statesman, and empire builder with a philosophy of mystical imperialism.

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Boer War

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(1899-1902) War between Great Britain and the Boers in South Africa over control of rich mining country. Great Britain won and created the Union of South Africa comprised of all the South African colonies.

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Adowa

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Site of battle where Ethiopians defeated Italy

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Afrikaners

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Another term used for the Boer.

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Great Trek

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A migration of Dutch colonists out of British-controlled territory in South Africa during the 1830s.

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Opium War

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1839-1842. Chinese attempted to prohibit the opium trade, British declared war and won against Chinese. Treaty of Nanjing, agreed to open 5 ports to British trade and limit tariffs on British goods and gave Hong Kong.

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Treaty of Nanking

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Treaty that concluded the Opium War. It awarded Britain a large indemnity from the Qing Empire, denied the Qing government tariff control over some of its own borders, opened additional ports of residence to Britons, and ceded Hong Kong to Britain.

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treaty ports

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Cities opened to foreign residents as a result of the forced treaties between the Qing Empire and foreign signatories. In the in these cities, foreigners enjoyed extraterritoriality.

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spheres of influence

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An area of one country under the control of another. In China, these areas guaranteed specific trading privileges to each imperialist nation within its respective sphere.

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extraterritoriality

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Foreign residents in a country living under the laws of their native country, disregarding the laws of the host country. 19th/Early 20th Centuries: European and US nationals in certain areas of Chinese and Ottoman cities were granted this right.

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Boxer Rebellion

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1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops.

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Sino-Japanese War

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(1894-1895) Japan's imperialistic war against China to gain control of natural resources and markets for their goods. It ended with the Treaty of Portsmouth which granted Japan Chinese port city trading rights, control of Manchuria, the annexation of the island of Sakhalin, and Korea became its protectorate.

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J.A. Hobson

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writer; argues that if workers were better paid, they could more readily afford to buy the products of industry, and foreign markets would not be necessary.

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Three Emperors' League

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The 1873 alliance between Germany, Austria, and Russia.

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Congress of Berlin

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(1878) Assembly of representatives from Germany, Russia, Hungary, Britain, France, Italy, and the Ottoman Empire. Meeting was to reorganize the countries of the Balkans - led to greater nationalism.

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Dual Alliance

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Bismarck's (Germany's) secret treaty with Austria which provided for support if attacked by Russia.

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Triple Alliance

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Alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I.

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Reinsurance Treaty

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A treaty by Bismarck to attempt to continue its alliance with Russia, was secret, but b0th agreed to have neutrality in a war with other countries.

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Triple Entente

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A military alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the years preceding World War I.

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Open Door Policy

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A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.

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Rudyard Kipling

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(1864-1936) English writer and poet; defined the "white man's burden" as the duty of European and Euro-American peoples to bring order and enlightenment to distant lands

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Suez Canal

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A human-made waterway, which was opened in 1869, connecting the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea

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Panama Canal

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The United States built the Panama Canal to have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa. It cost $400,000,000 to build. Columbians would not let Americans build the canal, but then with the assistance of the United States a Panamanian Revolution occurred. The new ruling people allowed the United States to build the canal.

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Alfred Milner

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Following the failure of Rhodes' scheme, the British sent him as a new minister to South Africa; he agitated until war between Britain and the Boer republics was inevitable

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Lenin

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Founded the Communist Party in Russia and set up the world's first Communist Party dictatorship. He led the October Revolution of 1917, in which the Communists seized power in Russia. He then ruled the country until his death in 1924.

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Ferdinand de Lesseps

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French entrepreneur, organized building the Suez Canal in Egypt

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British East India Company

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A joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism. This company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years.

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Treaty of Wichale

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The Italian version of the passage stated that Ethiopia was obliged to conduct all foreign affairs through the Italian authorities, in effect making Ethiopia an Italian protectorate, while the Amharic version merely gave Ethiopia the option of communicating with third powers through the Italians.

Chapter 25 – Kishlansky – Europe and the World – Flashcards

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