Chapter 22 Organic Chemistry Vocabulary – Flashcards
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structural formula
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indicates the number and types of atoms present in a molecule and also shows the bonding arrangement of atoms.
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structural isomers (constitutional isomers)
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isomers in which the atoms are bonded together in different orders
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geometric isomers
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isomers in which the order of atom bonding is the same but the arrangement of atoms in space is different
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saturated hydrocarbons
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hydrocarbons in which each carbon atom in the molecule forms four single covalent bonds with other atoms
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alkanes
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hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds
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cycloalkanes
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alkanes in which the carbon atoms are arranged in a ring, or cyclic, structure.
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alkyl groups
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groups of atoms that are formed when one hydrogen atom is removed from an alkane molecule
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natural gas
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a fossil fuel composed primarily of alkanes containing one to four carbon atoms
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petroleum
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a complex mixture of different hydrocarbons that varies greatly in composition
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unsaturated hydrocarbons
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hydrocarbons in which not all carbon atoms have four single covalent bonds
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alkenes
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hydrocarbons that contain double covalent bonds
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alkynes
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hydrocarbons with triple covalent bonds
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aromatic hydrocarbons
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hydrocarbons that have six-membered carbon rings and delocalized electrons
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benzene
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primary aromatic hydrocarbon
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functional group
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an atom or group of atoms that is responsible for the specific properties of an organic compound
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alcohols
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organic compounds that contain one or more hydroxyl groups
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alkyl halides
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organic compounds in which one or more halogen atoms are substituted for one or more hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon
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ethers
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organic compounds in which two hydrocarbon groups are bonded to the same atom of oxygen
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aldehydes
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organic compounds in which the carbonyl group is attached to a carbon atom at the end of a carbon-atom chain
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ketones
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organic compounds in which the carbonyl group is attached to carbon atoms within the chain
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amines
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organic compounds that can be considered to be derivatives of ammonia, NH3
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carboxylic acids
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organic compounds that contain the carbonxyl functional group
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esters
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organic compounds that have carboxylic acid groups in which the hydrogen of the hydroxyl group has been replaced by an alkyl group
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substitution reaction
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one in which one or more atoms replace another atom or group in a molecule
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addition reaction
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one in which two parts of a molecule are added to an unsaturated molecule, increasing the saturation of the molecule
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condensation reaction
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one in which two molecules or parts of the same molecule combine
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elimination reaction
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one in which a simple molecule, such as water or ammonia, if formed from adjacent carbon atoms of a larger molecule
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polymers
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large molecule made of many small units joined to each other through organic reactions
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monomers
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small units
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copolymer
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a polymer made from two or more different monomers
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