Chapter 22 Questions – Flashcards with Answers

descent with modification

revealed by data from a range of scientific disciplines, including biology, geology, physics, and chemistry.

consists of the mechanisms that produce the observed pattern of change. These mechanisms represent natural causes of the natural phenomena we observe.

Life forms could be arranged on a ladder, or scale, of increasing complexity

a swedish physician and botanist who sought to classify life's diversity, in his words, for the greater glory of God. He developed the two-part, or binomial, format for naming species.

Long before Darwin was born, several Greek philosophers suggested that life might have changed gradually over time. But one philosopher who greatly influenced early Western science viewed species as fixed. He is....

the remains or traces of organisms from the past. Many are found in sedimentary rocks formed from the sand and mud that settle to the bottom of seas, lakes, swamps and other aquatic habitats.

new layers of sediment cover older ones and compress them into superimposed layers of rock. These layers provide a glimpse of some of the organisms that populated earth at the time that layer formed

the study of fossils. Developed in large part by French scientist Georges Cuvier.

the principle that events in the past occurred suddenly and were caused by mechanisms different from those operating in the present.

Charle Lyell's principle, expanded upon Hutton's thinking, which stated that mechanisms of change are constant over time.

the first part of Lamarck's incorrect hypothesis of evolution. The idea that parts of the body that are used extensively become larger and stronger, while those that are not used deteriorate.

the second part of Lamarck's incorrect hypothesis of evolution. Stated that an organism could pass these modifications to its offspring.

The primary mission of the voyage was to chart poorly known stretches of the South American coastline. Darwing observed that the plants and animals in temperate regions of South America more closely resembled species living in the South American tropics than species living in temperate regions of Europe. On this trip, Darwin spent much time thinking about geology and read Lyell's Principle of Geology. He experienced geologic change firsthand when a violent earthquake rocked the coast of Chile, and he observed afterward that rocks along the coast had been thrust upward by several feet.

inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in specific environments.

a process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.

a component of natural selection. All life is connected, like a tree, giving it unity.

a component of natural selection. All life is connected, but its many different branches gives it diversity.

Humans have modified other species over any generations by selecting and breeding individuals that possess desired traits, a process called....

Observation 1: members of a population often vary in their inherited traits Observation 2: all species can produce more offspring than their environment can support, and many of these offspring fail to survive and reproduce. Inference 1: Individuals whose inherited traits give them a higher probability of surviving and reproducing in a given environment tend to leave more offspring than other individuals. Inference 2: This unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to the accumulation of favorable traits in the population over generations.

Evolution is the relocation of ___________. Features that are no longer needed goes to work in different parts of the body. Maintenance, growth, and reproduction primarily.

similarity resulting from common ancestry

represent variations on a structural theme that was present in their common ancestor

remnants of features that served a function in the organism's ancestors.

a diagram that reflects evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms.

the independent evolutio of similar features in different lineages.

In such examples in which species share features because of convergent evolution, the resemblance is said to be __________, not homologous.

the geographic distribution of species. We can use our understanding of continental drift and evolution to predict where fossils of different groups of organisms might be found.

a species is ______ when it exists nowhere else in the world