Chapter 21: The Immune System: Innate and Adaptive Body Defenses – Flashcards
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A "foreign" molecule which can invoke the immune response is called a(n) - hapten. - antigen. - antibody. - colony-stimulating factor. - immunoglobulin.
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- antigen.
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Active artificially acquired immunity is a result of - contact with a pathogen. - vaccination. - antibodies passed on from mother to fetus through the placenta. - injection of an immune serum. - antibodies passed on from mother to baby through breast milk.
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- vaccination.
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Antibodies are produced in cells called - natural killer cells. - beta cells. - plasma cells. - helper T-cells. - memory cells.
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- plasma cells.
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Complement proteins work by - creating an impermeable barrier. - phagocytosis of target cells. - forming pores in the membranes of target cells. - producing antibodies. - neutralization of antigens.
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- forming pores in the membranes of target cells.
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Cytotoxic T cells kill target cells - by releasing oxidizing agents. - by phagocytosis. - through injection of tumor necrosis factor. - by secreting antibodies. - through insertion of perforins into the target's membrane.
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- through insertion of perforins into the target's membrane.
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Lymphocytes that develop immunocompetence in the thymus are - T lymphocytes. - B lymphocytes. - NK cells.
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- T lymphocytes.
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Saliva and lacrimal fluids contain this enzyme that destroys bacteria. - Pepsin - Amylase - Salivase - Trypsin - Lysozyme
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- Lysozyme
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The immune cell that allows for subsequent recognition of an antigen resulting in a secondary response is called a(n) - basophil. - antigen-presenting cell. - helper T-cell. - plasma cell. - memory cell.
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- memory cell.
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The primary mechanism of antibody action is - phagocytosis. - agglutination. - neutralization. - complement activation. - precipitation.
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- complement activation.
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These molecules are secreted by leukocytes and macrophages and result in a fever. - Pyrogens - Heparin - Antibodies - Histamine - Keratin
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- Pyrogens
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This type of antibody binds to mast cells and basophils, thus invoking inflammation. - IgA - IgG - IgE - IgM - IgD
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- IgE
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This type of disease results from the inability of the immune system to distinguish self from non-self antigens. - SCID - Allergy - Anaphylaxis - Autoimmune disease - Immunodeficiency
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- Autoimmune disease
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When a localized area exhibits increased capillary filtration, hyperemia, and swelling, this is an indication that - an immune response is underway. - antigens are present. - fever is developing. - inflammation is occurring. - antibodies are phagocytizing target cells.
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- inflammation is occurring.
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Which cell does NOT have a direct role in phagocytosis? - Basophil - Eosinophil - Macrophage - Neutrophil - Kupffer cell
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- Basophil
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Which cells phagocytize antigen-bearing cells and bind them to their MHCs? - NK cells - Antigen presenting cells - All immune cells - Helper T-cells - Plasma cells
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- Antigen presenting cells
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Which cells stimulate both arms of the immune response? - Basophils - Killer T-cells - Plasma cells - Helper T-cells - Complement cells
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- Helper T-cells
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Which nonspecific defense cells specialize in attacking cancer cells and virus-infected cells? - Natural killer cells - Basophils - Helper T-lymphocytes - Plasma cells - Macrophages
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- Natural killer cells
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Which of the following is a nonspecific barrier defense? - Complements - Natural killer cells - Mucous membranes - Macrophages - Antibodies
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- Mucous membranes
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Which statement below is characteristic of a secondary humoral response? - It triggers fever. - It only occurs in the spleen. - It results in less antibody secretion. - It results in less memory cell circulation. - It occurs much more rapidly than a primary response.
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- It occurs much more rapidly than a primary response.
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Which type of molecule is produced by viral-infected cells to communicate to non-infected cells of the presence of a virus? - Complement - Interferon - Interleukin - Pyrogen - Antigen
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- Interferon
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Which of the following is NOT a surface barrier to pathogen influx? - Complement cascade - Saliva and tears - Skin secretions - Mucous membranes
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- Complement cascade
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Which cells of the innate immune response are responsible for detecting and destroying parasites? - Natural killer cells - Mast cells - Eosinophils - Neutrophils
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- Eosinophils
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Which of the following is NOT one of the cardinal signs of inflammation? - Pain - Redness - Heat - Opsonization - Swelling
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- Opsonization
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The process that begins when a helper T-cell binds to an MHC class II protein on a displaying cell is known as - T-cell proliferation. - self antigen recognition. - costimulation. - antigen proliferation.
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- costimulation.
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All of the following are examples of autoimmune disorders EXCEPT - Grave's disease. - systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) - Myasthenia gravis - sickle cell anemia. - rheumatoid arthritis.
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- sickle cell anemia.
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All of the following are examples of characteristics of adaptive defenses EXCEPT - they have memory. - they are systemic. - They are usually initiated in a lymph node. - we are born with them. - they are specific.
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- we are born with them.
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Which of the following is a primary lymphoid organ? - Spleen - Thymus - Peyer's patch - Lymph node - Tonsil
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- Thymus
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Which of the following is the hallmark of the humoral immune response? - Antigen presentation - Phagocytosis - Binding of antibody to the antigen. - Cell lysis by T cells - Interferon production
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- Binding of antibody to the antigen.
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Which of the following is not an innate defense mechanism of the body? - fever - B lymphocytes - skin - inflammation
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- B lymphocytes
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Which of the following does not originate from a monocyte? - microglia - Kupffer cells - natural killer cells - free macrophages
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- natural killer cells
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The ability of a phagocyte to adhere to a particular particle depends on its ability to - coat the particle with protein. - recognize the carbohydrate signature of the particle. - produce a respiratory rush. - coat the particle with antibodies.
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- recognize the carbohydrate signature of the particle.
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Which of the following statements is false about natural killer cells? - They attach infected or cancerous cells that lack self-surface receptors. - They are large granular lymphocytes. - They are not specific for each antigen. - They destroy cells by phagocytosis.
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- They destroy cells by phagocytosis.
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Which of the following inflammatory chemicals is derived from arachidonic acid? - perforin - bradykinin - prostaglandin - histamine
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- prostaglandin
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Which of the following steps is the first step in an inflammatory response? - release of leukocytosis inducing factor - adhesion of the neutrophils cell adhesion molecules to antigen - positive chemotaxis - diapedesis
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- release of leukocytosis inducing factor
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In the respiratory burst, _____________ are released, which have potent cell-killing ability. - neutrophils - platelet derived growth factors - free radicals - histamines
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- free radicals
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Leukotrienes cause - dilation of the small blood vessels in an injured area. - neutrophils to migrate to an area of inflammation. - the release of digestive enzymes outside the cell. - apoptosis of cells.
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- dilation of the small blood vessels in an injured area.
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Toll-like receptors are found on - lymphocytes. - mast cells. - macrophages. - neutrophils.
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- macrophages.
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Which of the following statements about infectious granulomas is false? - The tuberculosis bacillus can cause them. - They contain a central region of infected macrophages. - They provide life-long protection to the host against the causative pathogen. - They appear as tumor-like growths.
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- They provide life-long protection to the host against the causative pathogen.
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Interferons can be used to treat all of the following except - cancer. - muscular dystrophy. - Hepatitis C. - viral infections.
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- muscular dystrophy.
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All of the following are functions of interferon except that - it mobilizes natural killer cells. - it interferes with viral replication in affected cells. - it only occurs naturally. - it is not viral specific.
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- it only occurs naturally.
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Which of the following processes is most similar to complement fixation? - chemotaxis - diapedesis - antibody formation - blood clotting
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- blood clotting
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The classical and alternate pathway for complement fixation converge at - production of C-reactive protein. - lysis of the foreign cell. - insertion of the membrane attack complex. - the release of factor B, D, and P.
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- insertion of the membrane attack complex.
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Which of the following minerals needed for bacterial reproduction does both the liver and spleen sequester during a fever? - zinc - phosphorous - magnesium - copper
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- zinc
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Which of the following does not apply to the specific defensive system? - It has memory. - It is immediate. - It is specific. - It is systemic.
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- It is immediate.
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Antigen is a contraction of - antigen etc. - antigenic determinants. - anti-genetic. - antibody genes.
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- antigenic determinants.
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Which hypersensitivity is caused by T-lymphocytes? - acute - subacute - chronic - delayed
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- delayed
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In the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restrictive process - T-lymphocytes with self-antigens go through negative selection. - T-lymphocytes with self-antigens only go through positive selection. - T-lymphocytes with self-antigens go through negative and positive selection. - immature T-lymphocytes go through apoptosis.
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- T-lymphocytes with self-antigens go through negative selection.
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"Somatic recombination" refers to - the selection of antigens the body will respond to. - the somatic response to recombinant DNA. - the shuffling of genetic fragments within each lymphocyte as it becomes immune competent. - the rearrangement of cells in order to produce an immune response.
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- the shuffling of genetic fragments within each lymphocyte as it becomes immune competent.
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All of the following are names of antigen-presenting cells except - macrophages. - B-lymphocytes. - T-lymphocytes. - Langerhan's cells.
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- T-lymphocytes.
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Gene guns are used to shoot - antigens with genes. - genes that prevent hypersensitive reactions into lymphocytes. - naked "DNA" viral vaccines into the skin. - pathogens in the blood stream.
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- naked "DNA" viral vaccines into the skin.
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T-lymphocytes that bind to an antigen before co-stimulation takes place will cause - these lymphocytes to become tolerant to that antigen. - cause less tissue damage than when co-stimulation takes place first. - these lymphocytes to die. - cause plasma cells to produce autoantibodies.
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- these lymphocytes to become tolerant to that antigen.
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Without __________ there is no adaptive immune response. - T-lymphocytes - antibodies - plasma cells - B-lymphocytes
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- T-lymphocytes
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In the list below, which type of cell is involved in adaptive immunity? - Macrophages - B cells - Natural killer cells - Neutrophils
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- B cells
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Which of the following is not a sign of inflammation? - Swelling - Redness - Pain - Fever
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- Fever
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The first step in inflammation is: - phagocyte mobilization. - tissue injury. - vasodilation. - the release of pro-inflammatory signals.
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- tissue injury.
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Which of the following is not a property of interferons (IFNs)? - IFNs stimulate B cells to produce antibodies. - IFNs have antiviral activity. - IFNs activate macrophages. - IFNs have an anticancer role.
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- IFNs stimulate B cells to produce antibodies.
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Humoral immunity is provided by: - complement proteins. - T cells. - interferons. - antibodies.
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- antibodies.
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________ are substances that can trigger the adaptive defenses and provoke an immune response. - Haptens - Antibodies - Interleukins - Antigens
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- Antigens
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________ is the property of lymphocytes that prevents them from attacking the body's own cells. - Immunological memory - Self-tolerance - Antigenicity - Immunocompetence
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- Self-tolerance
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Self-reactive B cells are eliminated in the: - bone marrow. - lymph nodes. - thymus. - spleen.
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- bone marrow.
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Which of the following is a characteristic of a secondary immune response? - A secondary immune response is slower than a primary immune response. - A secondary immune response is started by naïve lymphocytes, while a primary immune response is initiated by memory cells. - A secondary immune response lasts longer than a primary immune response. - A secondary immune response does produce as many antibodies compared to a primary immune response.
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- A secondary immune response lasts longer than a primary immune response.
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A vaccination works to establish: - natural passive immunity. - natural active immunity. - artificial passive immunity. - artificial active immunity.
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- artificial active immunity.
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Which is correctly matched? - B cells: suppress the immune response once the foreign antigen has been cleared from the body. - Helper T cells: recognize virus-infected cells - Cytotoxic T cells: activated by antigens bound to MHC I - Regulatory T cells: make antibodies
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- Cytotoxic T cells: activated by antigens bound to MHC I
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MHC II proteins are found on: - red blood cells. - cytotoxic T cells. - antigen-presenting cells. - helper T cells.
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- antigen-presenting cells.
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What is the second step of T cell activation? - Chemotaxis - Antigen binding - Anergy - Co-stimulation
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- Co-stimulation
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Which of the following is mismatched? - B cells: can be activated to produce antibodies - Helper T cells: directly target and kill cancer cells - Cytotoxic T cells: carry out cellular immune responses - Regulatory T cells: release inhibitory cytokines to dampen the immune response
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- Helper T cells: directly target and kill cancer cells
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A graft that is transplanted from one person to a genetically identical individual (i.e., to an identical twin) is an example of a(n) __________. - Allograft - Autograft - Isograft - Xenograft
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- Isograft
