Chapter 21 – Oncology (Cancer Medicine) 71 – Flashcards
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adjuvant
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A substance, especially a drug, added to a prescription to assist in the action of the main ingredient.
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anaplasia
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A change to the structure and orientation of cells characterized by a loss of specialization and reversion to a more primitive form.
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antimetabolite
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A class of antineoplastic drugs used to treat cancer. These drugs are most effective against rapidly growing tumors.
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antineoplastic
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Of or pertaining to a substance, procedure, or measure that prevents the proliferation of malignant cells.
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benign
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Noncancerous and therefore not an immediate threat, even though treatment eventually may be required for health or cosmetic reasons; not life threatening.
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bronchogenic carcinoma
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A malignant lung tumor that originates in the bronchi; lung cancer.
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cancer
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A neoplasm characterized by the uncontrolled growth of anaplastic cells that tend to invade surrounding tissue and to metastasize to distant body sites.
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carcinogen
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A substance or agent that causes the development or increases the the incidence of cancer.
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carcinoma
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A malignant neoplasm.
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carcinoma in situ
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A premalignant neoplasm that has not invaded the basement membrane but shows cytologic characteristics of cancer. CIS
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chemotherapy
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The use of cytotoxic drugs and chemicals to achieve a cure, decrease tumor size, provide relief of pain, or slow metastasis.
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colorectal cancer
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The presence of a malignant neoplasm in the large intestine.
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cryosurgery
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Freezing temperatures to perform surgery.
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dedifferentiation
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A change to the structure and orientation of cells characterized by a loss of specialization and reversion to a more primitive form. anasplasia.
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deoxyribonucleic acid
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A large nucleic acid molecule found principally in the chromosomes of the nucleus of a cell that is the carrier of genetic information. DNA
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differentiation
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A process in development in which unspecialized cells or tissues are systemically modified and altered to achieve specific and characteristic physical forms, physiologic functions, and chemical properties.
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encapsulated
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Enclosed in fibrous or membranous sheaths.
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endometrial carcinoma
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Malignant tumor of the inner lining of the uterus; also knows as adenocarcinoma of the uterus.
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epidermoid carcinoma
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A malignant new growth made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate surrounding tissues and to give rise to metastases. A form of cancer, carcinoma makes up the majority of the cases of malignancy of the breast, uterus, intestinal tract, skin, and tongue.
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fibrosarcoma
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Develop in the soft tissue around the bones, such as tendons, ligaments, fat or muscle. These types of bone cancer also tend to occur in older adults, and usually affect the arms, legs or jaw.
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fractionation
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In radiology, the division of the total dose of radiation into small doses administered at intervals in an effort to minimize tissue damage.
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hyperplasia
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An increase in the number of cells of a body part ("excessive formation").
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immunotherapy
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Agents that are capable of changing the relationship between a tumor and the host are known as biologic response modifiers (BRMs). These agents are used to strengthen the individual's immune responses.
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infiltrative
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Possessing the ability to invade or penetrate adjacent tissue.
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intracranial tumors
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Abnormal mass of tissue in which cells grow and multiply uncontrollably, seemingly unchecked by the mechanisms that control normal cells.
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invasive
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Spreading; taking over other areas.
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ionizing radiation
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High-energy X-rays that can kill cells or retard their growths.
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linear accelerator
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An apparatus for accelerating charged subatomic particles used in radiotherapy, physics research, and the production of radionuclides.
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lymphoma
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Neoplasm that is typically malignant, beginning with a painless enlarged lymph node(s) and progressing to anemia, weakness, fever, and weight lass.
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malignant
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Tending to become worse and cause death.
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melanoblast
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A cell that develops into a melanocyte.
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melanoma
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A tumor of melanin-forming cells, typically a malignant tumor associated with skin cancer.
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metastasis
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The process by which tumor cells spread to distant parts of the body.
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metastic intracranial tumors
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Tumors occurring as a result of metastasis from a primary site such as the lung or breast.
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mitosis
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A type of cell division that results in the formation of two genetically identical daughter cells.
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mixed-tissue tumor
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A growth of more than one type of neoplastic tissue.
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modality
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A method of application (i.e., a treatment method).
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morbidity
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An illness or an abnormal condition or quality.
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mutation
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A change or transformation in a gene.
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neoplasm
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Any abnormal growth of new tissue, benign or malignant.
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neuroblastoma
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A highly malignant tumor of the sympathetic nervous system.
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oncogene
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A gene in a virus that can cause a cell to become malignant.
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oncogenesis
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The formation of a tumor.
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oncogenic
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Causing development of a tumor or tumors.
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oral leukoplakia
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A precancerous lesion occurring anywhere in the mouth.
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ovarian carcinoma
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A malignant tumor of the ovaries, most commonly occurring in women in their 50s.
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pancreatic cancer
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A life-threatening primary malignant neoplasm typically found in the head of the pancreas.
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papillary
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Of or pertaining to a papilla (nipplelike projection).
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papillocarcinoma
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Most common form of well-differentiated thyroid cancer, and the most common form of thyroid cancer to result from exposure to radiation. It appears as an irregular solid or cystic mass or nodule in a normal thyroid parenchyma.
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papilloma
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A benign epithelial neoplasm characterized by a branching or lobular tumor.
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pedunculated
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Pertaining to a structure with a stalk.
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primary intracranial tumors
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Tumors that arise from gliomas (malignant glial cells that are a support for nerve tissue) or from the meninges.
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protocol
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A written plan or description of the steps to be taken in a particular situation, such as conducting research.
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radiation
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The emission of energy, rays, or waves.
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radiation therapy
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The use of ionizing radiation to interrupt cellular growth. The goal of it is to reach maximum tumor control with minimum normal tissue damage.
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radiocurable tumor
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Pertaining to the susceptibility of tumor cells to destruction by ionizing radiation.
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radioresistant tumor
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A tumor that resists the effects of radiation.
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radioresponsive tumor
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A tumor that reacts favorably to radiation.
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radiotherapy
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The treatment of disease by using X-rays or gamma rays.
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relapse
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To exhibit again the symptoms of a disease from which a patient appears to have recovered.
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remission
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The partial or complete disappearance of the symptoms of a chronic or malignant disease.
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renal cell carcinoma
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A malignant tumor of the kidney, occurring in adulthood.
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ribonucleic acid
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A nucleic acid found in both the nucleus and cytoplasm of ells that transmits genetic instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. RNA
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sarcoma
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A malignant neoplasm of the connective and supporting tissues of the body, usually first presenting as a painless swelling.
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scirrhous carcinoma
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Pertaining to a carcinoma with a hard structure.
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sessile
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Attached by a base rather than by a stalk or a peduncle.
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staging
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The determination of distinct phases or periods in the course of a disease.
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stem cell
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A formative cell; a cell whose daughter cells may give rise to other cell types.
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surgery
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In more than 90% of all cancers, surgery is used for diagnosing and staging. In more than t0% of all cancers, surgery is the primary treatment.
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verrucous
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Rough; warty.
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Wilms' tumor
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A malignant tumor of the kidney occurring predominately in childhood.
