Chapter 20 – WILL BE ON FINAL – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Defenses of the GI tract against pathogens include A. mucus, acid, and saliva. B. secretory IgA and lysozyme. C. peristalsis. D. GALT. E. All of the choices are correct.
answer
All of the choices are correct
question
The mucinous glycoprotein covering teeth that streptococci attach to is called the A. enamel. B. pellicle. C. gingiva. D. lactoferrin. E. oral membrane.
answer
pellicle
question
Which organ of the GI tract has a large commensal population of microorganisms? A. liver B. salivary glands C. pancreas D. large intestine E. small intestine
answer
large intestine
question
The most common infectious disease in humans is A. the common cold. B. dental caries. C. pharyngitis. D. diarrhea. E. gastritis.
answer
dental caries
question
The main causes of dental caries seem to be A. Streptococcus pyogens. B. Streptococcus mutans. C. Streptococcus pneumoniae. D. Both A and B are correct. E. Both B and C are correct.
answer
Streptococcus mutans
question
Oral flora bacteria on the tooth surface A. develop a biofilm. B. use fimbriae and slime layers to adhere. C. include Streptococci that metabolize sucrose, produce sticky glucans, and form plaque. D. include Lactobacilli and Streptococci, which ferment carbohydrates and produce acids that cause caries. E. All of the choices are correct.
answer
us fimbriae and slime layers to adhere
question
The causative organism for mumps is A. Paramyxovirus. B. Morbillivirus. C. Streptococcus pyogenes. D. Corynebacterium. E. Vibrio.
answer
Paramyxovirus
question
The virulence factor for mumps is A. inflammation. B. acid production. C. endotoxin. D. enterotoxin. E. spike-induced syncytium.
answer
spike-induced syncytium
question
Orchitis and epididymitis are seen in young adult males as a complication of A. croup. B. mumps. C. influenza. D. measles (rubeola). E. rubella.
answer
mumps
question
Helicobacter pylori causes A. gastritis. B. duodenal ulcers. C. stomach ulcers. D. increased risk for stomach cancer. E. All of the choices are correct.
answer
All of the choices are correct
question
Which is not a characteristic of Helicobacter pylori? A. gram-negative B. produces enteroxin that causes diarrhea C. curved rods D. lives in the stomach E. produces urease that buffers stomach acidity
answer
produces enteroxin that causes diarrhea
question
Which of the following is mismatched? A. H antigen - flagellar B. K antigen - capsule C. O antigen - cell wall D. All of the choices are correct. E. None of the choices is correct.
answer
All of the choices are correct
question
Salmonella are A. methane producers. B. motile. C. gram-positive rods. D. lactose fermenters. E. All of the choices are correct.
answer
motile
question
Salmonelloses are A. not caused by Salmonella typhi. B. associated with undercooked poultry and eggs, and reptile and rodent feces. C. types of gastroenteritis with vomiting and diarrhea. D. treated with fluid and electrolyte replacement. E. All of the choices are correct.
answer
All of the choices are correct
question
Which is incorrect about shigellosis? A. outbreaks have occurred in day care centers B. watery diarrhea with bloody, mucoid stools and abdominal cramps C. frequently involve septicemia D. human carriers cause fecal transmission E. also called dysentery
answer
frequently involve septicemia
question
Shigella species have the following characteristics except A. not motile, gram-negative rods. B. reservoir is human carriers. C. they produce urease and hydrogen sulfide. D. infect the large intestine. E. produce enterotoxin called shiga toxin.
answer
they produce urease and hydrogen sulfide
question
E. coli O157:H7 characteristics include all the following except it A. only causes occupational illness in people who work with animals. B. is transmitted by ingestion of contaminated, undercooked food, especially hamburger. C. causes a bloody diarrhea. D. has a reservoir of cattle intestines. E. some cases go on to hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) with possible kidney failure.
answer
only causes occupational illness in people who work with animals
question
Which of the following statements describes the main virulence factor of E. coli O157:H7? A. an pathogen-encoded exotoxin B. a bacteriophage-encoded exotoxin C. an endotoxin used for host attachment D. a coagulase for host clotting E. a hemolysin for red blood cell destruction
answer
a bacteriophage-encoded exotoxin
question
Escherichia coli infections A. are often transmitted by fecal-contaminated water and food. B. have been due to undercooked meat. C. involve enterotoxin in traveler's diarrhea. D. can be self-limiting with the only treatment being rehydration. E. All of the choices are correct.
answer
All of the choices are correct
question
All of the following are characteristics of Campylobacter jejuni except A. transmitted through ingestion of contaminated chicken, meat, milk, and water. B. causes fever and a watery stool. C. infects the stomach. D. produces an enterotoxin that stimulates diarrhea. E. gram-negative curved rods with darting motility.
answer
infects the stomach
question
The most common bacterial cause of diarrhea in the United States is A. E. coli. B. Salmonella. C. Shigella. D. Campylobacter. E. Yersinia.
answer
Campylobacter
question
Campylobacter infection has all of the following characteristics except A. can last over two weeks. B. burrow into the mucosa of the ileum and multiply. C. can lead to Guillain-Barre syndrome. D. can cause acute temporary paralysis. E. is caused by a shiga toxin.
answer
is caused by a shiga toxin
question
Which is true of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis? A. Y. pseudotuberculosis causes tuberculosis B. cause intense pain caused by inflammation of the ileum C. cause Guillain-Barre syndrome D. are gram-positive E. do not cause fever
answer
cause intense pain caused by inflammation of the ileum
question
Production of enterotoxin is a characteristic of A. Clostridium botulinum. B. Clostridium perfringens. C. Clostridium difficile. D. Clostridium tetani. E. All of the choices are correct.
answer
Clostridium difficile
question
All of the following pertain to Clostridium difficile infection except it A. is due to ingestion of contaminated, improperly stored, cooked meats and gravies. B. is a colitis that is a superinfection. C. often has an endogenous source. D. is associated with disruption of normal flora due to broad-spectrum antimicrobials. E. is the major cause of diarrhea in hospitals.
answer
is due to ingestion of contaminated, improperly stored, cooked meats and gravies
question
Which is not true of Clostridium difficile? A. a gram-positive, endospore forming rod B. part of normal intestinal biota C. infection precipitated by broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy D. also called pseudomembranous colitis E. produces "rice-water" stools
answer
produces "rice-water" stool
question
The virulence of Vibrio cholerae is due to its A. capsule. B. neurotoxin. C. invasive enzymes. D. enterotoxin. E. All of the choices are correct.
answer
enterotoxin
question
Cholera symptoms are A. copious watery diarrhea. B. loss of blood volume. C. acidosis, sunken eyes, and thirst. D. hypotension, tachycardia, and shock. E. All of the choices are correct.
answer
All of the choices are correct
question
The most immediate and important treatment needed to prevent death in cholera victims is A. water and electrolyte replacement. B. antimicrobials. C. antitoxin. D. surgery. E. None of the choices is correct.
answer
water and electrolyte replacement
question
"Rice-water stools" are associated with disease caused by which organism? A. Vibrio vulnificus B. Vibrio parahaemolyticus C. Vibrio cholerae D. Campylobacter jejuni E. Helicobacter pylori
answer
Vibrio cholerae
question
Outbreaks of which disease have been associated with fecal-contaminated drinking water? A. cryptosporidiosis B. cyclosporiasis C. trichinosis D. toxoplasmosis E. None of the choices is correct.
answer
cryptosporidiosis
question
Symptoms of cryptosporidiosis include A. headache, sweats, vomiting, severe abdominal cramps, and diarrhea. B. chills, fever, and sweats. C. bloody, mucus-filled stools and fever. D. a red-skin papule that spreads to a large ulcer. E. None of the choices is correct.
answer
headache, sweats, vomiting, severe abdominal cramps, and diarrhea
question
The primary viral cause of chronic diarrhea, globally is A. cryptosporidium. B. rotavirus. C. adenovirus. D. norovirus. E. astrovirus.
answer
rotavirus
question
Which of the following is not a normal causative agent of acute diarrhea with vomiting (food poisoning)? A. Clostridium perfringes B. Staphylococcus aureus exotoxin C. Clostridium difficile D. Bacillus cereus E. All of the choices are correct.
answer
Clostridium difficile
question
A common food intoxication is caused by enterotoxin-producing strains of A. Staphylococcus aureus. B. Staphylococcus epidermidis. C. Staphylococcus saprophyticus. D. Streptococcus pyogenes. E. Streptococcus agalactiae.
answer
Staphylococcus aureus
question
Which is incorrect about Staphylococcus aureus food intoxication? A. food gets contaminated by a human carrier B. common associated foods include custards, ham, cream pastries, and processed meats C. after contamination, food must be left unrefrigerated for a few hours D. ingestion of the pathogen allows it to multiply and damage the GI tract lining E. symptoms come on quickly and include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea
answer
ingestion of the pathogen allows it to multiply and damage the GI tract lining
question
Outbreaks of which apicomplexan disease have been associated with fecal-contaminated imported raspberries and also fresh greens and drinking water? A. cryptosporidiosis B. cyclosporiasis C. trichinosis D. toxoplasmosis E. None of the choices is correct
answer
cyclosporiasis
question
Entamoeba histolytica is acquired by A. ingestion of cysts of the pathogen. B. contaminated food. C. contaminated water. D. All of the choices are correct.
answer
All of the choices are correct
question
All of the following can be transmitted by drinking contaminated water except A. cryptosporidiosis. B. cyclosporiasis. C. malaria. D. campylobacter. E. giardiasis.
answer
malaria
question
Giardiasis involves A. a protozoan that does not form cysts. B. infection by a bacteria. C. symptoms of abdominal pain, flatulence, and diarrhea. D. fimbriae for adherence. E. All of the choices are correct.
answer
symptoms of abdominal pain, flatulence, and diarrhea
question
Inflammation of the liver with necrosis of the hepatocytes and swelling due to a mononuclear response is a disease called A. hepatitis. B. jaundice. C. liver cancer. D. mononucleosis. E. None of the choices are correct.
answer
hepatitis
question
Hepatitis B virus A. is principally transmitted by blood. B. transmission risks include shared needles, anal intercourse, and heterosexual intercourse. C. is transmitted to the newborn from chronic carrier mothers. D. has many chronic carriers. E. All of the choices are correct.
answer
All of the choices are correct
question
Hepatitis B infection A. has an incubation of 2 to 7 weeks. B. can be transmitted by the fecal-oral route. C. increases risk for hepatocellular cancer. D. is responsible for most cases of posttransfusion hepatitis. E. All of the choices are correct.
answer
increases risk for hepatocellular cancer
question
Which is incorrect about hepatitis A infection? A. transmitted by the oral-fecal route B. has flu-like symptoms with discomfort near the liver and darkened urine C. predisposes a person for liver cancer D. immunoglobulin therapy helps decrease the severity E. HAVRAX is an inactivated vaccine for prevention
answer
predisposes a person for liver cancer
question
Which is mismatched? A. hepatitis A virus - nonenveloped, single-stranded RNA enterovirus B. hepatitis B virus - enveloped DNA virus C. hepatitis C virus - RNA virus D. hepatitis D virus - defective RNA virus that coinfects with HAV E. hepatitis E virus - self-limiting RNA virus
answer
hepatitis D virus - defective RNA virus that coinfects with HAV
question
The most common cause of liver cancer in the United States is A. HAV. B. HBV. C. HCV. D. HDV. E. HEV.
answer
HBV
question
Parasitic helminthes have the following characteristics except A. are multicellular animals. B. have a definitive host where the adult form lives. C. do not exhibit drug resistance. D. include roundworms. E. include tapeworms.
answer
do not exhibit drug resistance
question
Ascaris lumbricoides A. is an intestinal roundworm. B. spreads to humans by ingestion of Ascaris eggs in food. C. larvae penetrate into lymphatics and capillaries around intestines. D. larvae migrate to the pharynx, get swallowed, and return to intestines to mature. E. All of the choices are correct.
answer
All of the choices are correct
question
Enterobius vermicularis is A. a whipworm. B. common only to the tropics and subtropics. C. an intestinal worm that easily contaminates fingers and fomites. D. often fatal in heavy infestations. E. All of the choices are correct.
answer
an intestinal worm that easily contaminates fingers and fomites
question
All of the following pertain to tapeworms except A. scolex is the head. B. strobila is made up of proglottids. C. proglottids are reproductive segments. D. cysticerci are young infective larvae ingested in undercooked meat. E. eosinophilia does not occur.
answer
eosinophilia does not occur
question
General symptoms of helminth infection includes all of the following except A. eggs, larvae, or adult worms found in feces. B. increased sensitivity to helminth antigens. C. intense abdominal pain. D. increased eosinophil count. E. vague nausea.
answer
intense abdominal pain
question
Trichinosis includes all the following except A. encysted larvae get ingested. B. associated with undercooked pork or bear meat. C. migrate from intestines to blood and various body tissues. D. coiled larvae encyst in skeletal muscle. E. All of the choices are correct.
answer
All of the choices are correct
question
Liver flukes live in all of the following areas except the A. small intestine. B. liver. C. gallbladder. D. bile duct. E. All of the choices are correct.
answer
small intestine
question
Which of the following is not true of schistosomiasis? A. caused by blood flukes B. larvae called cercariae can invade intact skin C. may cause liver swelling or malfunction D. worms can invade the brain E. can "cloak" itself with proteins in the blood
answer
worms can invade the brain
question
Which of the following helminths is paired with a correct characteristic/s of its pathogenesis? A. Ascaris lumbricoides - life and transmission cycle B B. Necator americanus - life and transmission cycle A C. Trichuris trichuria - life and transmission cycle B D. Strongyloides stercoralis - life and transmission cycle B E. Taenia solium - life and transmission cycle A
answer
Stronglyoides stercoralis - life and transmission cycle B
question
T/F: In the absence of dietary carbohydrates, bacteria do not cause tooth decay.
answer
True
question
T/F: Mumps causes permanent sterility in young male adults.
answer
False
question
T/F: E. coli O157:H7 secretes shiga exotoxin.
answer
True
question
T/F: Antibiotics are used to treat E. coli O157:H7 caused diarrhea.
answer
False
question
T/F: The best treatment for acute diarrhea is oral replacement of electrolytes and water.
answer
True
question
T/F: Only feces from humans that contaminate food and water can be involved in transmission of amebiasis.
answer
False
question
T/F: Boiling will not kill Giardia lamblia cysts in contaminated water.
answer
False
question
T/F: Carriers of hepatitis B virus are not common.
answer
False
question
T/F: There are vaccines for immunity to the hepatitis B virus.
answer
True
question
T/F: The only body fluid that can transmit hepatitis B virus is blood.
answer
False
question
T/F: Most antihelminth medications act only against the worms, not the human host.
answer
False
question
T/F: There are no infectious agents that can invade intact skin.
answer
False
question
T/F: Research does not indicate a link between the numbers and types of bacteria causing periodontitis and thicker carotid arteries in an individual.
answer
False
question
T/F: Despite acidic conditions, some microorganisms have been found residing within the human stomach.
answer
True
question
What organism is the leading cause of HUS in the United States? A. Shigella B. E. coli C. Salmonella D. Clostridium difficile
answer
E. coli
question
Jennifer's parents are notably distressed. They are expressing extreme guilt over the entire incident, and feel it was there fault that Jennifer had contracted this illness. They start asking you what they could have done to prevent it. Which of the following responses is most appropriate in this situation? A. "There's no way you could have known that cookie dough was tainted with E. coli. However, the only way to prevent it is to never eat raw foods." B. "You should have had your daughter vaccinated with the E. coli vaccine." C. "If you would have brought her in to the emergency department sooner, you could have prevented this deeper illness." D. "Since nobody knows the true cause of HUS, there's nothing you could have done to prevent this from happening."
answer
There's no way you could have known that cookie dough was tainted with E. coli. However, the only way to prevent it is to never eat raw foods.
question
Which toxin is specifically responsible for the systemic disease of HUS? A. IgA toxicity B. variable E. coli strains C. shiga toxin D. secondary C. difficile infection
answer
shiga toxin
question
Jennifer's parents accuse your medical team of not doing everything possible to help cure Jennifer because she hasn't received any antibiotics. Why aren't antibiotics prescribed in HUS? A. Antibiotics are of no help and may increase the pathology. B. There are no antibiotics that can effectively treat E. coli. C. Antibiotic therapy may stunt immune system development. D. Antibiotics are reserved for the most virulent cases of HUS.
answer
Antibiotics are of no help and may increase the pathology
question
Why does a patient with HUS present with bloody diarrhea? A. The blood is actually from the kidneys, which are in failure. B. The diarrhea is red in color because that is the color of shiga toxin. C. E. coli exotoxins damage the gut lining which produces bleeding. D. E. coli camps out in small bowel outpouchings and leaches blood from the venous system.
answer
E. coli exotoxins damage the gut lining which produces bleeding
question
What are potential causes of Quinn's diarrhea? A. Shigella B. Clostridium difficile C. Giardia lamblia D. All of the choices are correct.
answer
All of the choices are correct
question
A stool culture is taken, and protozoa are noted upon microscopic examination. Which of the following microbes is the probable cause of Quinn's diarrhea? A. Shigella B. Clostridium difficile C. Giardia lamblia D. Yersinia
answer
Giardia lamblia
question
The doctor orders a 10-day course of antibiotics with amoxicillin. When you note the order, you call the doctor to clarify the order. What antibiotic do you advocate for in this specific infection? A. metronidazole B. erythromycin C. TMP-SMZ D. Antibiotics are not indicated.
answer
metronidazole
question
Quinn tells you that he should have known better than to drink untreated lake water. He had always heard that mountain streams were fresh. He then asks you to tell him why the lake water caused his diarrhea. What is the most likely source of Giardia in lake water? A. Since the human GI tract is used to chlorinated water, it does not have the capacity to deal with foreign organisms. B. Stagnant water sources are literal cest-pools for microorganisms, and any outdoor water source should be suspected. C. Giardia is found in the GI tracts of many animals, and their stool often ends up in lakes and streams. D. Giardia, as an organism, has the beneficial effect of being excellent feed for fresh water fish. However, it is toxic to humans.
answer
Giardia is found in the GI tracts of many animals, and their stool often ends up in lakes and streams
question
What is the best way to prevent infection with Giardia? A. Use proper filtration. B. Avoid drinking from freshwater sources. C. Set up your camp at least 250 feet from the nearest freshwater source. D. Giardia is an inherent risk of outdoor camping.
answer
Avoid drinking from freshwater sources
question
DJ is very upset about his diagnosis. He wants to know "how on earth" he could have contracted this disease. In what way is the hepatitis B infection transmitted? A. needle sticks B. sexual contact C. sharing a toothbrush D. All of the choices are correct.
answer
All of the choices are correct
question
DJ informs you he heard there is no treatment for hepatitis infections, and wants to know what the rest of his life is going to look like. What is the best response? A. "This is going to be a long and difficult road. What kind of support structure do you have in place to help you through this?" B. "There actually are many treatment modalities in place. You should talk to our doctors right away about starting a treatment." C. "Right now, the only treatable hepatitis is hepatitis C, but new modes of treatment are being developed and studied everyday." D. "Hepatitis can be well-controlled with lifestyle change. If we can figure out how you contracted the disease, we can figure out how to cure it."
answer
"There actually are many treatment modalities in place. You should talk to our doctors right away about starting a treatment
question
Which test is used to detect hepatitis B? A. radioimmunoassay B. ELISA C. antibody test D. All of the choices are correct.
answer
All of the choices are correct
question
After DJ was tested for hepatitis B, the healthcare worker that drew DJ's blood set the needle down on the counter instead of in the sharps container. Several hours later, another healthcare worker stuck herself with the needle. How concerned should she be that she could contract hepatitis B? A. She should not be concerned at all. The virus dies once the blood dries. B. She should not be concerned at all. The virus is not transmitted blood-to-blood. C. She should be very concerned. The virus can survive several hours in dried blood. D. She should be very concerned. The virus multiplies indefinitely on hard surfaces.
answer
She should be very concerned. The virus can survive several hours in dried blood.
