Chapter 20, Cancer Medicine – Flashcards
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growth rate
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benign- slow, malignant- rapid
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character of growth
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benign- expansion, malignant- infiltration
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tumor spread
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benign- remains localized, malignant- metastasis by the bloodstream
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cell differentiation
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benign- well differentiated, malignant- poorly differentiated
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polyp, papilloma
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any benign tumor projecting from surface epithelium
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root word + -oma (suffix)
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a benign tumor; root word designates primary tissue of origin
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carcinoma
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malignant tumor arising from surface, glandular, or parenchymal epithelium (but not endothelium or mesothelium)
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sarcoma
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malignant tumor of any primary tissue other than surface, glandular, and parenchymal epithelium
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leukemia
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neoplasm of blood cells
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scirrhous
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pertaining to a carcinoma with a hard structure
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aden/o
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gland
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angi/o
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vessels (type not specified)
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chondr/o
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cartilage
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fibr/o
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fibrous tissue
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hemangi/o
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blood vessels
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lip/o
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fat
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lymphangi/o
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lymph vessels
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my/o
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muscle
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neur/o
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nerve
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oste/o
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bone
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lymphoid tumors
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all neoplasms of lymphoid tissue are called lymphomas and are malignant: Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas
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skin tumors
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- pigment-producing cells of the epidermis - benign: nervus, a Latin word that means "birthmark" - malignant: melanoma or malignant melanoma - keratinocytes - benign: basal cell carcinoma - malignant: squamous cell carcinoma (sometimes metastasizes)
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teratoma tumors (of mixed components)
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derived from cells that have the potential to differentiate into different types of tissue (bone, muscle, glands, epithelium, brain tissue, hair) and may be either benign or malignant; a common type of cystic benign teratoma arising in the ovary is usually called a dream cyst
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embryonic tumors
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derived from persisting groups of embryonic cells of the brain, retina, adrenal gland, kidney, liver, or genital tract. Named from the site of origin, with the suffix "-blastoma" added (blast = a primitive cell + oma + tumor); medullaoblastoma: medulla of the brain; retinoblastoma: retina of the eye; hepatoblastoma: liver; Wilm's tumor: kidney, exception in naming (nephroblastoma not used)
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non infiltrating (in situ) carcinoma
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non infiltrating tumors are common in many locations, including the breast, cervix, colon, skin, and urinary tract; in situ carcinoma can be completely cured by surgical excision
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precancerous conditions
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refers to conditions that have a high likelihood of developing into cancer: - skin cancer: actinic keratosis ("acintic" refers to sun rays) or lingo malign (a latin term meaning "malignant freckle") - oral cancer: leukoplakis (leuko = white + plakia = patch) may develop in the mucous membranes of the mouth as a result of exposure to tobacco tars from smoking or use of smokeless tobacco - colon polyps
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aspirate
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withdrawal of fluid from a lump, often a cyst
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biopsy
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removal of cells or tissues fro examination under a microscope
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scope
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a procedure in which a thin, lighted tube is inserted into the body part being examined and a tissue sample (biopsy) is taken to examine under a microscope to determine whether cancer cells are present
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bronchoscopy
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scope inserted through the nose or mouth to examine the inside of the trachea, bronchi, and lung
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colonoscopy
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scope inserted into the rectum to examine the colon
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cystoscopy
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scope inserted into the urethra to examine the bladder
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laryngoscopy
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examination of the larynx (voice box) with a mirror (indirect laryngoscopy) or with a laryngoscope (direct laryngoscopy)
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sigmoidoscopy
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scope inserted into the sigmoid part of the colon; also called proctosigmoidoscopy
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tumor markers
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obtained from a blood sample
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acid phosphatase
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cancer of the prostate, may be used to monitor response to treatment or recurrence
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AFP
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hepatocellular carcinoma germ cell tumors, used to monitor treatment response
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CA 19-9
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cancers of the pancreas, colon, cervix, and ovary, a relatively specific tumor-associated antigen
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CA 125
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epithelial ovarian cancer, a tumor-associated antigen that might be used in conjunction with vaginal ultrasound fro screening
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CEA
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cancers of the pancreas, colon, breast, lung, stomach, ovary, high levels correlate with high tumor burden
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HCG/AFP
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malignant germ cell tumors originating from ovaries or sperm; ovarian or uterine cancer in women and testicular cancer in men, return to normal indicates cure
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monoclonal immunoglobulins
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multiple myeloma, malignant clone can be IgG, IgM, or IgA
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PSA
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cancer of the prostate, used particularly to monitor response to treatment
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imaging
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x-ray or computerized view with or with our a contrast dye or radioactive substance
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barium enema
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cancer of the colon, series of x-rays of the colon taken after the person is given an enema that contains barium. Barium outlines the intestines on the x-rays
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computer axial tomography (CAT, CT, ACTA)
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cross-section images of internal structures, x-ray plus or minus contrast dye with the creation of pictures by a computer linked to an x-ray machine; high specificity, especially for brain tumors
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intravenous pyelogram or intravenous pyelography (IVP)
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cancer of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder, dye is injected into a blood vessel and concentrated in the urine to visualize the kidneys, ureters, and bladder
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lymphangiography
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lymph node involvement, especially Hodgkin's disease, lymphoma, cancer of the testes, blue dye, injected into lymphatic channel, visualizes abdominal lymph nodes
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radionuclide scan
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shows function and size of specific organ (brain, bone, liver, spleen, kidney), used for staging because of specificity; radioactive material is injected or swallowed and radioactivity measured with a scanner
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ultrasound
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visualizes structural changes, mass (stomach, pancreas, kidney, uterus, ovary), uses high-frequency sound waves
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microscopic examination
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obtained from a tissue sample
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bone-marrow aspirate
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tumor involvement, especially by leukemia or lymphoma, needle aspirate of marrow from iliac crest or sternum
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estrogen/progesterone receptors
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cancer of the breast, cells taken from the breast tissue, defines certain tumors that may be more responsive to hormonal therapy
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Pap smear
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cancer of the cervix or uterus, cells obtained by swab of vagina, endocervcal canal and endocervix
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sentinel lymph node biopsy
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tumor metastasis, for example, breast cancer, dye or radioactive substance injected near a tumor flows into the sentinel lymph node(s) - the first lymph node(s) to which cancer is likely to spread from the primary tumor
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sputum cytology
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bronchogenic cancer, examination of mucus coughed up from the lungs; used to detect abnormal lung cells
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stool cytology
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cancer of the colon/rectum, a test to check fro blood in stool (fecal refers to stool, occult means hidden)
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biological
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treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease (also, immunotherapy or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy)
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autologous bone marrow transplantation
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a procedure in which bone marrow is removed from a person, stored, and then given back to the person following intensive treatment
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BCG vaccine
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an anticancer drug, bacilli Cameleer-Guerin (BCG), that activates the immune system
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colony-stimulating factors
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substances that stimulate the production of blood cells; granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (g-CSF); granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors (GM-CSF)
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peripheral stem cell transplantation
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replacing blood-forming cells destroyed by cancer treatment; immature blood cells (stem cells) are given after treatment to help the bone marrow recover and produce healthy blood cells. Sources of stem cells are bone marrow and are allogeneic, autologous, or syngeneic
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allogeneic
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stem cells donated by someone else
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autologous
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stem cells removed from a person, stored, and then given back to the person following intensive treatment
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syngeneic
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stem cells donated by an identical twin
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chemotherapy
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treatment with anticancer drugs to destroy cancer cells by stopping them from growing or multiplying
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radiation therapy
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radiotherapy uses high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors
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external
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uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer
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internal
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given internally placing radioactive material that is sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters directly into or near the tumor
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systemic radiation therapy
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giving radioactive substance, such as a radio labeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body
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surgery
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a procedure to remove a part of the body because of the presence of cancer
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cystectomy
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surgical removal of the bladder
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cryosurgery
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treatment performed with an instrument that freezes and destroys abnormal tissues
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fulguration
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destroying tissue using an electric current
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hysterectomy
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surgical removal of the uterus
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laryngectomy
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an operation to remove all or part of the larynx (voice box)
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laser
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a device that concentrates light into an intense, narrow beam used to cut or destroy tissue. It is used in microsurgery, photodynamic therapy, and for a variety of diagnostic purposes
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lumpectomy
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surgery to remove the tumor and a small amount of normal tissue around it
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mastectomy
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surgery to remove the breast (or as much of the breast tissue as possible)
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modified radical mastectomy
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surgical procedure in which the breast, some of the lymph nodes in the armpit, and the lining over the chest muscles are removed
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orchiectomy
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surgical removal of one or both testicles
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pneumonectomy
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surgical removal of an entire lung
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prostatectomy
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surgical removal of part of all of the prostate
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salpingo-oophorectomy
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surgical removal of the fallopian tubes and ovaries
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hormone therapy
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treatment of cancer by removing, blocking, or adding hormones. Also called endocrine therapy
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anti androgens
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drugs used to block the production or interfere with the action of male sex hormones
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lutenizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist
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a substance that closely resembles lutenizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH), which controls the secretion of sex hormones; given to decrease secretion of sex hormones
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palliative
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cytoreduction; oncologic emergencies; neurosurgical procedure/pain control; nutritional support
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prophylactic
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excision of premalignant lesions
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primary/definitive
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local excision; en bloc dissection
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rehabilitative
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cosmetic and functional restoration
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resection of metastases
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lung; liver
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supportive
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insertion of access devices such as a port catheter for infusion of drugs for chemotherapy; radiation implants
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adenocarcinoma
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cancer that begins in cells that line certain internal organs
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atypical hyperplasia
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benign (noncancerous) condition in which cells have abnormal features and are increase in number
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benign
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not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body
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cancer
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a term for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control; cancer cells can invade nearby tissues and spread through the bloodstream and lymphatic system to other parts of the body
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carcinogen
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any substance that causes cancer
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carcinoma
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cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs
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cyst
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a seat or capsule filled with fluid
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ductal carcinoma in situ
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abnormal cells that involve only the lining of a duct; the cells have not spread outside the duct to there tissues in the breast
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epidermoid carcinoma
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a typer of cancer in which the cells are glad and look like fish scales; also called squamous cell carcinoma
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familial polyposis
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an inherited condition in which numerous polyps (tissue masses) develop on the inside walls of the colon and rectum; it increases the risk for colon cancer
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fibroid
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a benign smooth muscle tumor, usually in the uterus or gastrointestinal tract; also called leiomyoma
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hyperplasia
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an abnormal increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue
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Kaposi's sarcoma
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an uncommon malignant disorder, beginning as soft purple-brown nodules or plaques on the feet that gradually spread throughout the skin
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large cell carcinomas
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a group of lung cancers in which cells are large an look abnormal when viewed under a microscope
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lobular carcinoma in situ
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abnormal cells found in the lobules of the breast. This condition seldom becomes invasive cancer; however, having lobular carcinoma in stir increases one's rise of developing breast cancer in either breast
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malignant
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cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body
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non-small cell lung cancer
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a group of lung cancers that includes squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma. and large cell carcinoma
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oat cell cancer
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a type of lung cancer in which the cells look like oats when viewed under a microscope; also called small cell lung cancer
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polyp
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a growth that protrudes from a mucous membrane
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sarcoma
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a cancer of the bone, cartilage, fat, muscles, blood vessels, or other connective or supportive tissue
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small cell lung cancer
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a type of lung cancer in which the cells appear small and round who viewed under the microscope; also called oat cell lung cancer
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squamous cell carcinoma
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cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembles fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that from the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts; also called epidermoid carcinoma
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tumor
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an abnormal mass of tissue that results from excessive cell division; tumors may be either benign (not cancerous) or malignant (cancerous)
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Wilm's tumor
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a malignant tumor of the kidney occurring predominately in childhood
