Chapter 20 Answers – Flashcards
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| Meningococcal meningitis is prevalent in _________ & ________ adult populations in crowded surroundings. |
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| adolescent & young |
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| Bacterial meningitis: Streptococcus infections are common in _________ and the hospitalized ________. |
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| infants elderly |
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| Bacterial meningitis: Listeriosis is most dangerous to _________women, fetuses, and _________. |
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| pregnant newborns |
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| Bacterial meningitis transmission: Neisseria - droplets, _________, ________ secretions in ________ spaces. |
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| saliva, nasal, overcrowded |
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| Bacterial meningitis transmission: Listeria - __________ milk, cheese, _________ meats, ________ meats, and aged soft ___________. |
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| unapasteurized, undercooked, processed, cheeses. |
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| Bacterial meningitis transmission: Streptococcus bacteria are __________ resident flora that overgrow when __________is impaired in the host. |
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| opportunistic, immunity |
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| Bacterial meningitis transmission: Hemophilus are opportunistic pathogens common to adults but most __________ in children. |
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| virulent |
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| Bacterial meningitis prevention / treatment: Prompt treatment is crucial in bacterial meningitis since the rates of mortality can be high: S. pneumoniae ___-___% H. influenzae __% N. meningitis__% |
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| 27-40% 5% 5% |
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| Bacterial meningitis prevention / treatment: Antibiotics such as _________ and __________ may be used against N. meningitis and S. pneumoniae and Listeria. |
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| penicillins, erythromycin |
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| Bacterial meningitis prevention / treatment: Chloramphenicol may be used against______________. |
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| H. influenzae |
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| Leprosy (Hansen's disease) symptoms/diagonosis: A chronic ___________infection that leads to the gradual destruction of _________ in the infected individual |
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| degenerative, tissue |
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| Leprosy (Hansen's disease) symptoms/diagonosis: Leprosy may begin as a ____________ form and then progress to ___________ form. |
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| tuberculoid, lepromatous |
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| Leprosy (Hansen's disease) symptoms/diagonosis: _________ bacilli may be cultured from the extremities of individuals. |
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| Acid fast, |
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| Leprosy (Hansen's disease) symptoms/diagonosis: Incubation can last for ________ (time). |
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| years |
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| Leprosy (Hansen's disease) causative agent/contributing factors: Mycobacterium ___________ is the causative agent of leprosy. |
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| leprae |
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| Leprosy (Hansen's disease) causative agent/contributing factors: Bacteria enters through _________ in the skin and ________ nerve tissues. |
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| breaks, infects |
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| Leprosy (Hansen's disease) causative agent/contributing factors: A progressive loss of ____________ leads to tissue _________, and unnoticed trauma, which can then lead to secondary __________ and tissue ___________. |
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| sensation, atrophy, infection, degeneration |
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| Leprosy (Hansen's disease) transmission: _______, long term, _______ to _______ contact. |
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| direct, person, person |
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| Leprosy (Hansen's disease) transmission: _________ secretions from infected individuals. |
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| nasal |
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| Leprosy (Hansen's disease) transmission: __________risk is fairly low...especially if routine aspesis is observed. But ________ living conditions may exacerbate transmission. |
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| contagion, unsanitary |
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| Leprosy (Hansen's disease) prevention/treatment: Prolonged treatment (__ years +) w/ Dapsone, _______, and Clofazimine will cure the infection. |
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| 2, Rifampin |
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| Botulism symptoms / diagnosis: Typical symptoms include rapid onset of _______, ____ mouth, constipation, _________ weakness, mental confusion, diplopia, and ___________. |
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| nausea, dry, generalized, dysphagia. |
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| Botulism symptoms / diagnosis: A _____ ________ of the entire body may ensue. Death results from _________ of the ________ and breathing apparatus. Incubation is ___to ___ hrs. |
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| flaccid paralysis, paralysis, heart, 24-48 |
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| Botulism causative agent/contributing factors: ________ botulinum is the causative agent of botulism |
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| Clostridium |
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| Botulism causative agent/contributing factors: Favorable conditions consist of_____,_____,____,____. |
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| Anaerobic environment, neutral pH, mesophilic temp, high protein medium such as meats, eggs, beans, etc. |
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| Botulism causative agent/contributing factors: _________ cells will produce the ________ toxin in the food. |
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| vegetative, botulinum |
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| Botulism causative agent/contributing factors: Outbreaks have been attributed to ________ stored food and incomplete __________ of canned foods. |
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| improperly, sterilization |
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| Botulism causative agent/contributing factors: _______botulism occurs if C. botulinum is ingested in children under 1 yr of age. |
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| Infant |
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| Botulism causative agent/contributing factors: _______botulism occurs if soil or fecal matter enters a gash or laceration (i.e. open skin injury). |
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| wound |
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| Botulism transmission: __________of toxin in contaminated foods. It is also non-__________. |
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| Ingestion, communicable. |
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| Botulism prevention/treatment: Prevented by careful _____________ and ____________ of foods. |
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| Preparation, storage. |
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| Botulism prevention/treatment: Endospores won't germinate in __________ conditions, ________osmotic pressure. __________ of food will destroy the toxin. |
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| acidic, high, heating |
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| Botulism prevention/treatment: Treated with _______ antitoxin, ________washing, and _________support. _________ are used w/ infant and wound botulism. |
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| BIG, intestinal, cardiopulmonary, antibiotics |
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| Tetanus symptoms/diagnosis: _______ or ________ paralysis due to production of ________ _______ in a contaminated wound. |
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| Rigid, spastic, clostridial endotoxin |
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| Tetanus symptoms/diagnosis: Prodrome begins w/ _____,______,_____,_______ |
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| headaches, fever, irritability, and rigid facial paralysis of the face and neck |
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| Tetanus symptoms/diagnosis: Symptoms progress until eventually ______ and ______ (in 50% of cases) ensues. |
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| opisthotonos, death |
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| Tetanus symptoms/diagnosis: Onset is usually _______days after injury w/ a contaminated object. |
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| 5-15 |
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| Tetanus causative agent / contributing factors: Intoxication by __________ exotoxin produced by ________ _________ is the cause of tetanus. |
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| tetanospasmin exotoxin, clostridium tetani |
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| Tetanus causative agent / contributing factors: Enters through penetrating ______, ______, & _____ and germinates in the __________ tissue |
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| wounds, lacerations, and burns, anaerobic |
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| Tetanus causative agent / contributing factors: LD50 of tetanus is ______ |
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| 20ng |
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| Tetanus prevention and treatment: Immunization w/ ______ ______ is routinely practiced |
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| tetanus toxoid |
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| Tetanus prevention and treatment: Vaccine is effective for __-__ years (w/ boosters) |
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| 5 to 10 |
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| Viral meningitis (aseptic meningitis) symptoms Symptoms are the same as __________ meningitis, deaths are ____ |
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| bacterial, rare |
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| Viral meningitis causative agent/contributing factors: Herpes, ______, _____- Barr virus, Coxsackie, _______ Incubation is ___-____ days, with a ___-___ day duration. |
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| 3-7 and 7-10 |
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| Viral meningitis transmission: ______ of virus from infected individuals, can survive in _______ and chlorinated _____ ______. |
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| shedding, water, swimming pools |
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| Viral meningitis prevention/treatment: Frequent ____ ______, avoidance of ________ pools. No specific therapy other than ____, ______, and ______ treatment |
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| hand washing, crowded, rest, hydration, palliative |
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| Viral meningitis (aseptic meningitis) symptoms Symptoms are the same as __________ meningitis, deaths are ____ |
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| bacterial, rare |
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| Poliomyelitis symptoms/diagnosis: Initial symptoms include a ___-____ or _____-throat prodrome. E.g. headaches, sore throat, fever, nausea. |
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| fever-like, strept |
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| Poliomyelitis symptoms/diagnosis: Polio virus can cause _______ of limbs and _______ apparatuses by infecting _____ _____ _____ in the upper spinal cord. |
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| paralysis, respiratory, motor nerve calls |
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| Poliomyelitis symptoms/diagnosis: Only ____% develop symptoms of polio, and only __% the paralyzing form. |
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| 10, 1 |
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| Poliomyelitis causative agent: ___________ virus is the causative agent |
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| picornavirus. |
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| Poliomyelitis transmission: _____/_____ route by fecal contamination of water sources. |
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| fecal/oral |
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| Poliomyelitis prevention/treatment: Two vaccines...the _____ vaccine (inactive and requires boosters), and the ______ vaccine (active and provides lifelong immunity). Current vaccine in US is the ______ (inactive polio vaccine IPV) |
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| Salk, Sabin Salk |
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| Rabies symptoms/diagonosis Characterized by fatal ____________ |
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| encephalitis |
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| Rabies symptoms/diagnosis: Incubation is ___ to ___ weeks |
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| 5 to 8 |
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| Rabies symptoms/diagonosis: Initial symptoms are _______ behavior, _______, muscle _______, and stupor. |
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| agitated, hallucinations, spasms |
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| Rabies symptoms/diagonosis: Advanced symptoms are __________, ________ behavior, hydrophobia, __________, and coma. |
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| salivation, aggressive, paralysis |
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| Rabies symptoms/diagonosis: 2 syndromes are "_______" and "_____" rabies. The disease is ____________ once symptoms have appeared. |
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| furious, dumb, incurable |
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| Rabies causative agent/contributing factors: Caused by the _____________ which primarily affects ___________ mammals but infection can pass to herbivores. |
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| Rhabdovirus, carnivorous |
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| Rabies causative agent/contributing factors: Most common resovoirs are ______, raccoons, ______, foxes, and coyotes...as well as some domesticated animals as well. |
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| skunks, bats |
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| Rabies transmission: ________ bites, contact of infected animals and their ______ ______. Contact with virus through _______, _______, or ________. |
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| Bites, body fluids, breaks in the skin, mucous membranes, inhalation. |
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| Rabies prevention/treatment: All domesticated _____ & ______ should be routinely vaccinated. ______ population should be controlled. |
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| dogs & cats, stray |
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| Rabies prevention/treatment: Post bite, immediately ______ wound with soap and water and report to health authorities. |
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| wash |
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| Rabies prevention/treatment: Current vaccine employs human rabies _______ ___________ (HRIG) at the ____ _____ AND inactive virus vaccine (HDCV) using ___-___ intra muscular doses. |
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| anti-immunoglobulin, bite site, 5-6 |
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| Rabies prevention/treatment: There is __ _________ _________ for people exhibiting rabies prodrome or syndrome. |
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| no reliable treatment (no cure) |
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| Arboviral Encephalitis Symptoms/Diagnosis: Typical sign's and symptoms of ____________ High ___ titers with incubation of __ to __ days |
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| meningitis IgM 7 to 14 |
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| Arboviral Encephalitis transmission: ________ carry the virus (and their eggs which survive winters) |
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| Mosquitoes |
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| Arboviral Encephalitis causative agent/contributing factors: 6 different viruses cause it: _____ & _____ equine viruses, _______ equine, St. _______, West _______ virus, _________ or La Crosse |
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| East, Western, Venezuelan, Louis, Nile, California |
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| Arboviral Encephalitis Prevention/treatment: Control and eradication of ____________. Use of _______ repellants. Patients will require hospitalization, ___ fluids, and ______ support |
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| mosquitoes, insect, IV, respiratory |
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| Cryptococcosis symptoms: It's a _________ meningitis w/ typical symptoms |
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| fungal |
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| Cryptococcosis causative agent/contributing factors: Cryptococcus ________, a dimorphic yeast is the agent. Targets the __________ suppressed and typically _______ if left untreated. |
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| neoformans, immuno, fatal |
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| Cryptococcosis Transmission: _________ of spores present in _______ or _______ droppings |
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| inhalation, soil, bird |
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| Cryptococcosis Prevention/treatment: Amphotericin B and ___________ for 6-10 wks |
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| flucytosine |
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| Primary Ameobic Meningoencephalopathy Symptoms & diagnosis |
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| Rapidly progressing & fatal Diagnosed via eye scrapings, spinal fluid, or brain biopsies |
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| Primary Ameobic Meningoencephalopathy Causative agent/factors |
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| Naegleria fowleri found in stagnant water...prevalent throughout Texas |
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| Primary Ameobic Meningoencephalopathy Transmission is through contact with __________ and is most prevailing during _______ conditions. Enters through _________ membranes |
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| stagnant (non-chlorinated) water, drought, mucous |
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| Primary Ameobic Meningoencephalopathy Prevention and treatment |
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| Avoidance of stagnant water, proper chlorination of pools. Therapy includes miconazole, sulfadiazene, tetracycline, at early onset of disease. 90% fatality rate. |
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| Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (mad cow): Symptoms and diagnosis |
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| Symptoms are chronic degeneration of the brain leading to aberrant behavior. Diagnosis through symptoms and brain sections under microscope. Uniformly fatal. |
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| Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (mad cow): Causative agent/contributing factors |
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| An infectious prion found to exist in sheep, cows, and humans is the agent. |
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| Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (mad cow): Transmission |
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| ingestion of contaminated meat. |
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| Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (mad cow): Treatments |
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| None. |
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| Eye infections Symptoms |
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| Vary, but most can damage the eye and cause blindeness |
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| Eye infections Causative/contributing factors |
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| Pink eye - hemophilus Trachoma - chlamydia Neonatal gonorrheal ophthalmia - neisseria Herpetic keratitis - hsv Acanthamoeba keratitus - acanthamoeba |
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| Eye infections Transmission |
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| Gonorrheal and chlaydial infections transmitted during childbirth. Herpes by indirect contact w/ herpes lesion fluid. Acanthamoeba from contact w/ stagnant water or contaminated contact solution. |
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| Eye infections Prevention / treatment |
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| Propholaxis w/ antibiotics of newborns to prevent infection, trifluridine for HSV, ketoconazole for Acanthomoeba. Topical use of gentamycin used for pink eye. |
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