Chapter 2 Test Answers – Flashcards

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The first step in any scientific investigation is _____
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perceiving the question
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Sally proposes the idea that one's sexual history prior to marriage may be linked to whether one ends up getting divorced. This best represents which step of scientific method?
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forming a hypothesis
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In the early part of the past century, psychologists who broke down though processes into their basic elements and analyzed them were called structuralists. What term might we use to describe psychologists with similar interests today?
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cognitive
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Dr. Braunz has been treating a child with attention hyperactivity disorder. She decides to write a prescription for Ritalin. Given this information, it is most likely that Dr. Braunz is a _______
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psychiatrist
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________ is a system used for reducing bias and error in the measurement of data
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scientific method
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The tendency to look for information that supports one's own belief is called __________
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confirmation bias
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Researchers must report their results completely whether the hypothesis was supported or not. Complete reporting is necessary for the purpose of _______
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replication
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Observing behavior as it happens in real-life natural settings without imposing laboratory controls is known as the __________
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naturalistic observation method
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In the 1970s, a 13 year old girl was found locked up in a room, strapped to a potty chair. Since she has grown up in a world without human speech, researchers studied "Genie's" ability to acquire words, grammar, and pronunciation. This type of research is called _________
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case study
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In preparation for his master's thesis, Tim spends some time in the local mall observing the behavior of shoppers. His notes reveal a tendency for people to smile when someone, even a stranger, smiles at them. Later in the semester, he designs a questionnaire that asks questions of participants concerning their typical reactions when someone smiles. He wonders if the face of a person who smiles has any influence on returned smiles, so he designs a study to answer this question. Which of the following lists in order, from first to last, the research methods Tim has used?
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naturalistic observation, survey, experiment
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Surveys, as discussed in the text, are associated most with:
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descriptive research
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A group of randomly selected subjects for a study that matches the population on important characteristics such as age and sex is called ________
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representative sample
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A _______ is a measure of how strongly two variables are related to one another
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correlation
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Julie finds that the number of hours she sleeps each night is related to the scores she receives on quizzes the next day. As her sleep approaches 8 hours, her quiz score improves; as her sleep drops to 4 hours, her quiz score show a similar decline. Julie realizes that _______
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there is a negative correlation between the number of hours she sleeps and her quiz grades
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Which correlation coefficient is most likely to describe the relationship between brushing one's teeth and the number of cavities one gets
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-.62
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A correlation coefficient represents 2 things: _____ and _____
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strength; direction of the relationship
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Which of the following statements is correct concerning correlation coefficients
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correlation of +.89 and -.89 are both strong and equally so
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As part of a psychology experiment, Brett decides to measure a person's "anxiety" by noting the number of blinks a person makes in a twenty minute social interaction with a stranger. Brett appears to have offered a ________ of anxiety
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operational definition
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In order to increase typing speed Minisoft has redesigned its keyboard and provided a chime that is related to typing speed. Identify the independent and dependent variables in this proposed study.
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the dependent variable is keyboard design; the independent variables are the speed of typing and the chime
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A variable that the experimenter manipulates is called an _____________
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independent variable
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Ken is planning on studying the influence of intelligence on the ability to recall events from the 1960s. If Ken does not account for variables such as age that could also influence one's ability to recall these events, age could be considered a __________
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confounding variable
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Ideally, everything in the experimental situation except the ________ is held constant
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independent variables
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All of the following are accurate statements regarding random assignment EXCEPT _______
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it is a procedure in which subjects are assigned to a positive correlation or a negative correlation condition
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Which of the following situations best illustrates the placebo effect?
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you drink a nonalcoholic drink and become "intoxicated" because you think it contains alcohol
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Unintended changes in participants' behavior due to cues inadvertently given by the experimenter are called______
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experimenter effects
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_______ is an experiment in which participants do not know if they are in the experimental or the control group but the experimenters do know which participants are part of which group
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the single-blind study
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Double-blind studies control for _______
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both the placebo and experimenter effects
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The key difference between an experimental and a quasi-experimental study is that the quasi-experimental study ________
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contains an independent variable
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Each of the following is a common ethical guideline suggested by the American Psychological Association EXCEPT
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participants cannot be deceived or have information concealed from them at any time during an experiment
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Freud said phobias were ________ whereas Watson said phobias were _________
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conditioned; unconditioned
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Matched subject/ matched group design studies are
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quasi experiments
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In graphing data, if the scores are skewed to the right, the mean, mode and median are ____
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positive
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When all possible ways of presenting the variables are included to counteract familiarity in a within subject design, the technique used is _______
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counterbalancing
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As a measure of central tendency, the middle score in ranked order is called ____
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median
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Which of the following would be a violation of the APA Guidelines for Ethical Psychological Experiments?
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all of these would violate present standards
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