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open-field system

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a system of village farming developed by peasants where the land was divided into large fields which were in turn cut into strips. There were no divided fences or hedges and it was farmed as a community

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Three field rotations

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helped keep fields fertile

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Traditional village rights

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reinforced traditional patterns of farming

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Peasants

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were exploited in a number of ways, with those in Eastern Europe generally the worst off

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The use of more complex systems of crop rotation

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The use of more complex systems of crop rotation

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Grain crops

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were alternated with nitrogen-storing crops

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enclosure movement

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meant an end to common lands and to the independence of the rural poor who relied on them to survive

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One important Dutch advantage

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a very dense population

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The English

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were adept at learning from the Dutch.

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Jethro Tull

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gained fame in experimental agriculture and animal husbandry, was enthusiastic about using horses rather than oxen. He advocated sowing seed with drilling equipment rather than scattering it by hand. he was an important English innovator

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By the mid-eighteenth century, English agriculture was

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in the process of a radical transformation

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Half of all English land was enclosed by

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1700

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Enclosure marked

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the emergence of market-oriented estate agriculture and of a landless rural proletariat

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Limitations on Population Growth

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Famine, disease, and war were the usual checks on growth. Europe's population growth was kept fairly low.

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The New Pattern of the Eighteenth Century

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Fewer deaths occurred, in part due to the disappearance of the plague.Advances in medicine did little to decrease the death rate.Improved sanitation promoted better public health. An increase in the food supply meant fewer famines and epidemics.

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The two main participants in the putting-out system

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were the merchant capitalist and the rural worker

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Merchants loaned, or "put out," raw materials to

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workers who processed the raw materials and returned finished goods to the merchant

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putting-out system

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term used to describe the 18th century rural industry

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Throughout most of Europe's history,_______ has employed more people than any other industry

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the textile industry

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Most participants in cottage industry worked in

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textiles

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Cottage industry was a

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family enterprise

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Relations between workers and employers were

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often marked by conflict

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Europe's guild system reached its highest point in

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the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries

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Guild masters were

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at the top of the world of work

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Guilds jealously

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restricted their membership

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Over the course of the eighteenth century, some guilds

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grew more accessible to women

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Northern European households

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made new choices about the allocation of time and resources

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Economic and social change in the eighteenth century

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laid the foundation for the Industrial Revolution

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English mercantilism was characterized by

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government regulations that served the interests both of the state and of private individuals

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Mercantilism in other European countries

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generally served only state interests

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The Navigation Acts of 1651-1663

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the result of the English desire to increase both military and private wealth, required that goods imported from Europe into England and Scotland be carried on British-owned ships with British crews or on ships of the country producing the article etc

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After defeating the Dutch, England fought a series of wars with France for maritime domination of the world

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War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713), War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748), The Seven Years' War (1756-1763)

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The Seven Years' War (1756-1763)

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ended with British winning full control over India and North America.

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Colonial populations provided

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an expanding market for English manufactured goods

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English exports were increasingly

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balanced and diversified

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Despite their losses, the French profited enormously

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from colonial trade

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In Britain's North American colonies cheap land and scarce labor resulted in the following:

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Rapid increase in the colonial population in the eighteenth century. Import of African slaves to tobacco plantations in southern colonies.Growing prosperity for British colonists.

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The forced migration of millions of Africans

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was a key element in the Atlantic system and western European economic expansion.

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______ participated in the slave trade

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Africans

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Under Philip V (r. 1700-1746) Spain _________________

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recovered economically and successfully defended her American colonies

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Rising silver exports in the eighteenth century

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helped create a class of wealthy Creole merchants

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Creole

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people of Spanish blood born in America

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Creole estate owners dominated

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much of the peasant population through debt peonage, really a form of serfdom

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The large middle group in the Spanish colonies were

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the mestizos

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mestizos

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the offspring of Spanish men and Indian women

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At the end of the sixteenth century, the Dutch became

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major players in the Asian spice trade

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The Dutch replaced the Portuguese as ________,transforming Asian business partners into dependents.

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the dominant European power in the Indian Ocean trade world

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In the eighteenth century, the Dutch faced fierce from

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the English East India Company

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The British focused their attention on

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India

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Britain's great rival in India was

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France

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By the early 1800s, the British had gained

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economic and political dominance over much of the subcontinent

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Adam Smith

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one of the Enlightenment's most original thinkers, challenged mercantilist ideas with his defense of free trade and his argument for keeping government interference in the economy to a minimum (The Wealth of Nations [1776])

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The Wealth of Nations [1776]

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written by Adam Smith

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Adam Smith's work became

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the basis of the classic argument for economic liberalism

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Agricultural revolution

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the period from the mid-seventh century on ib Europe during which great agricultural process was made and the fallow was gradual eliminated

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Altantice slave trade

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forced migration of millions of Africans to work in servitude during the 18th century. By the peak of the 1780s, shipments of black men and women averaged about 80,000 per year

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common lands

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the open meadows maintained by villages for public use

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Cottage industry

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domestic industry, a stage of rural industrial development with wage workers and hand tools that necessarily preceded the emeragence of large-scale factory industry

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Crop rotation

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the system by which farmers would rotate the types of crops grown in each field as to not deplete the soil of its natural resources

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Debt peonage

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a system which allowed a planter or rancher to keep his workers/slaves in perpetual debt bondage by periodically advancing food, shelter, and a little money; it is a form of serfdom

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Economic liberalism

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based on the writings of Adam Smith, it is the belief in free trade and competition. Smith argued that the invisible hand of free competition would benefit all individuals, rich and poor

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gulid system

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found in most of Europe in the 17th and the 18th centuries, and were used as a means to encourage high quality production and collect taxes

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Industrious revolution

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a term used to describe the burst of major inventions and technical changes they witnessed in certain industries

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mercantilism

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system of economic regulations aimed at increasing the power of the state

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proletarianization

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the transformation of large numbers of samll peasant farmers into landless rural wage earners

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Treaty of Paris

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ratified British victory on all colonial fronts in 1763

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the biggest problem encountered in medieval agriculture was

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soil exhaustion

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cottage workers in putting-out system typically made these types of cloth

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woolen, cotton, and linen

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statements regarding membership of women in guilds

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during the 18th century, some guilds grew more accessible to women. women were often hired as skilled workers by male guilds, often in defiance of official statues

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. In Paris, Jean-Baptiste Colbert granted seamstresses

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a new all-female guild

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until the end of the 18th century, crop rotation was extensively adopted only in

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the Low Countries and England

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the high point of the guild system in most of Europe was during the

answer

17th Century

Chapter 19: The Expansion of Europe in the Eighteenth Century – Flashcards

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