question

Respiration is

answer

gas exchange between the atmosphere and cells

question

The events of respiration are

answer

ventilation, external and internal respiration, and cellular respiration.

question

The ultimate function of breathing is to

answer

. deliver oxygen to cells, where it takes part in the reactions of cellular respiration that liberate energy from nutrient molecules and get rid of carbon dioxide, which maintains the pH of the internal environment

question

Which of the following bones does not house a sinus?

answer

zygomatic

question

Which of these laryngeal cartilages is single

answer

cricoid

question

The pitch of a vocal sound is controlled by changing the

answer

tension on the vocal cord

question

Arielle is an 8-year-old with cystic fibrosis. For 30 minutes each morning and evening, a parent holds her body in various positions and massages and kneads the areas over her lungs to dislodge the abundant, sticky mucus, which Arielle spits into a jar. She also takes medication - an enzyme - that thins the mucus. If she didn't take these measures, the mucus in her lungs would most likely increase her risk of

answer

infection

question

the vocal cords are in the

answer

larynx

question

Which of the following is not a function of the mucus-covered nasal passages?

answer

cooling exhaled air

question

The intensity (volume) of a vocal sound is a result of the

answer

force of air passing over the vocal cords

question

A flashlight placed just below the eyebrow in a darkened room illuminates the

answer

frontal sinus

question

Laryngitis is a potentially dangerous condition because it may

answer

obstruct the airway

question

the procedure used to directly examine the trachea and bronchial tree is called

answer

bronchoscopy

question

The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity

answer

warms incoming air, moistens incoming air, entraps dust, entraps other small particles

question

The pharynx functions as a ______, whereas the larynx functions as a ______.

answer

common passageway for air and food; passageway for air only

question

The trachea

answer

is lined with a ciliated mucous membrane, includes 20 C-shaped cartilage rings, is a passageway for air, is also called the windpipe.

question

As the respiratory tube branches become finer

answer

the epithelial lining changes from pseudostratified ciliated columnar to cuboidal and simple squamous epithelium.

question

The right lung has ______ lobes; the left lung has ______ lobes

answer

superior, middle, and inferior; superior and inferior

question

The force that moves air into the lungs during inspiration comes from the

answer

atmospheric pressure

question

The force responsible for normal expiration is supplied by the

answer

elastic recoil of tissues and surface tension

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The volume of air that enters or leaves the lungs during a normal respiratory cycle is the

answer

tidal volume

question

Of the respiratory air volumes listed, which one has the largest volume?

answer

vital capacity

question

Respiratory distress syndrome in newborns is caused by

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lack of surfactant

question

The visceral and parietal pleural membranes are normally held together by

answer

a thin film of serous fluid

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Air entering the potential space of the pleural cavity is called

answer

pneumothorax

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A simple spirometer cannot measure which of the following air volumes?

answer

risidual volume

question

. The most sensitive areas of the air passages are in the

answer

larynx and bronchi.

question

The volume of air that enters (or leaves) during a single respiratory cycle is the

answer

tidal volume

question

The first event in inspiration is

answer

the diaphragm moves downward and the external intercostal muscles contract

question

The first event in expiration is

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the diaphragm and external intercostal respiratory muscles relax

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The inverse relationship between pressure and volume is known as

answer

Boyle's law

question

The probable function of yawning

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. is poorly understood

question

. The respiratory areas are in the

answer

pons and medulla oblongata

question

"I'm going to hold my breath until I turn blue and stop breathing and die and it will be all your fault!" shrieked the 6-year-old at her father. The child was unable to carry out her threat because

answer

increased CO2 and hydrogen ion concentration and decreased oxygen concentration stimulate chemoreceptors

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Baby Timothy suffers from apnea and is hooked up to a monitor to warn his parents when he stops breathing. Timothy's dad snores very loudly. Timothy's condition differs from his father's in that infant apnea is

answer

a central problem of respiratory control

question

Emily is winded from running to her car from the supermarket. It is late at night and she thinks she is being followed. Which of the following receptors would not be involved in regulating her breathing rate?

answer

Baroreceptors

question

The ventral part of the medulla oblongata near the origin of the vagus nerve has

answer

central chemoreceptors

question

Which of the following factors does not directly affect breathing rate?

answer

ph

question

Peripheral receptors stimulate the respiratory areas resulting in

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increased respiratory rate

question

. The partial pressure of oxygen that stimulates the respiratory areas is ___ of normal

answer

50%

question

Oxygen plays a minor role in control of normal respiration because

answer

deoxygenated venous blood is 75% saturated

question

Which of the following is important in maintaining the pH of blood

answer

Carbon dioxide

question

The chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies are most sensitive to changes in blood concentration of

answer

oxygen

question

Carbon dioxide is sometimes added to the air that a patient breathes in order to

answer

. increase the rate and depth of breathing

question

Hyperventilation is usually accompanied by a(n)

answer

decrease in blood CO2 concentration and a rise in pH

question

Max works out about an hour every day, using aerobic machines at a gym. During his moderate physical exercise, blood concentrations of

answer

oxygen and carbon dioxide remain nearly unchanged

question

Increasing blood concentrations of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions have similar effects upon the respiratory areas due to

answer

an increase in carbon dioxide, increasing hydrogen ions

question

The walls of the alveoli are composed of

answer

simple squamous epithelium.

question

. The respiratory membrane consists of

answer

two thicknesses of epithelial cells and basement membranes

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Alveoli are kept clean by the action of

answer

macrophages.

question

. In bronchopulmonary dysplasia, the lungs of newborns become inflamed and scarred. Most infants recover, but some die. An experimental treatment cultures stem cells from a newborn's umbilical cord. The stem cells, in a lab dish, give rise to type II cells, which in turn give rise to more type I cells. In this treatment

answer

the type II cells secrete surfactant and the type I cells form the respiratory membrane

question

Police stop Richard for driving erratically at 3 AM and give him a breathalyzer test, which he fails miserably because of

answer

the thinness of his respiratory membranes

question

. The amount of oxygen released from oxyhemoglobin increases when

answer

carbon dioxide concentration increases

question

The enzyme carbonic anhydrase causes

answer

carbon dioxide to react with water.

question

Which of the following proteins transports some carbon dioxide in the blood

answer

hemoglobin

question

globin is

answer

. the protein part of hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in the blood

question

. The chloride shift

answer

maintains the ionic balance between the red blood cells and the plasma.

question

A mother and two young children are found passed out in their apartment, where a space heater is on. Emergency medical technicians suspect carbon monoxide poisoning, so they give the patients

answer

highly concentrated oxygen and some carbon dioxide

question

Changes in the respiratory system that accompany aging are

answer

thickened mucus. B. slowed swallowing reflex. C. macrophages become less efficient at keeping bacteria out. D. cilia become less active or vanish

question

Exposure to secondhand smoke can cause or increase risk of

answer

heart disease, lung cancer, and low birth weight

question

Exposure to secondhand smoke increases risk of

answer

damage to the smooth endothelial lining of blood vessels. B. platelet activation C. abnormal blood clotting. D. decreased coronary artery blood flow.

question

Cancer that originates in the lungs is most likely to begin in

answer

epithelial (lining) cells

question

Smokers are more susceptible to respiratory infections because

answer

their respiratory passages lose cilia, which would otherwise remove bacteria

question

In emphysema

answer

pressure in alveoli increases and their walls burst, coalescing them and decreasing the surface area for gas exchange

question

In October 2001 at the site of the World Trade Center in New York City, fires were still burning from the terrorist attacks that had brought down the buildings. The greatest danger to the respiratory system was

answer

very small particles of debris

question

A disorder seen in people who work in factories that package buttered popcorn, caused by inhaling organic dust, is

answer

extrinsic allergic alveolitis

question

Bronchial asthma is usually caused by

answer

an allergy

question

During an asthma attack, the patient usually finds it most difficult to

answer

exhale

question

Emphysema increases

answer

none of the above

question

Breathing rate increases during exercise due to

answer

signals from the cerebral cortex to the respiratory areas when it also signals skeletal muscles to contract. B. muscle stimulation of proprioceptors. C. a joint reflex. D. stimulation of the respiratory areas by decreasing blood concentration of oxygen and increasing blood concentration of carbon dioxide.

question

The hypoxia associated with high altitude can cause

answer

vasoconstriction of the pulmonary blood vessels

question

At high altitudes, when capillary pressure becomes too high,

answer

fluid filters out of the blood and collects in the alveoli

question

Atelectasis is

answer

a collapsed lung.

question

In tuberculosis

answer

fibrous connective tissue forms around the sites of bacterial infection.

question

Pneumonia can be caused by

answer

bacteria, viruses, or fungi

question

Another word for breathing is ventilation

answer

t

question

Cellular respiration enables cells to harness the energy from oxygen

answer

f

question

The organs of the upper respiratory tract are located outside the thorax

answer

t

question

The pharynx is an enlargement at the top of the trachea that houses the vocal cords

answer

f

question

The glottis is the opening between the vocal cords

answer

t

question

The left lung is larger than the right lung and is divided into three lobes

answer

f

question

The pectoralis minors and the sternocleidomastoid are useful in aiding forced expiration

answer

f

question

. The inflation reflex is activated when stretch receptors are stimulated during inspiration

answer

t

question

A sudden contraction of the diaphragm while the glottis is closed produces a sneeze

answer

f

question

Ordinary air is about 21% oxygen and 78% nitrogen

answer

t

question

Gas exchange occurs across alveolar pores

answer

f

question

Carbon monoxide bonds to hemoglobin more effectively than does oxygen

answer

t

question

The greatest amount of carbon dioxide transported in the blood is in the form of dissolved carbon dioxide

answer

f

question

Oxygen is carried in the blood in the form of bicarbonate ions and is bound to hemoglobin

answer

f

question

Carbon monoxide is toxic because it destroys respiratory areas in the brain.

answer

f

question

Coughing reflexes become faster with age

answer

f

question

The bronchus and blood vessels enter a lung through the _______.

answer

hilum

question

The nasal conchae create passageways in the nasal cavity called ______.

answer

meatuses

question

The cartilaginous structure at the base of the tongue that helps to prevent food and liquid from entering the trachea during swallowing is the ______.

answer

epiglottis

question

The layer of serous membrane that is firmly attached to the surface of a lung is called ______ ______.

answer

visceral pleura

question

The ease with which the lungs can be expanded during breathing is called ______.

answer

comliance

question

The respiratory areas are in the medulla oblongata and the ____ of the brainstem

answer

pons

question

A voluntary increase in the rate and depth of breathing is called ______.

answer

hyperventilation

question

In a mixture of gases, each gas creates a pressure called its ______ ______.

answer

partial pressure

question

The cells of an alveolus that secrete surfactant are type __.

answer

2

question

When carbon dioxide bonds to hemoglobin, the compound ______ forms

answer

carbaminohemoglobin

question

. The amount of oxygen released from oxyhemoglobin ______ as the concentration of carbon dioxide increases

answer

increases

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