Chapter 18 Sections :) – Flashcards

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question
How are living things organized for study?
answer
Biologists use a classification system to name organisms with a universally accepted name. They also group organisms in a logical manner. Organisms placed into a particular group are more similar to one another than they are to organisms in other groups.
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Describe the system for naming species that Linnaeus developed.
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Each species s assigned a two-part scientific name.
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What are the seven taxonomic categories of Linnaeus's classification system? Rank these taxa in hierarchical order, beginning with the largest level and ending with the smallest.
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Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.
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Why do scientists avoid using common names when discussing organisms.
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Because common names vary among languages and even among regions within a single country.
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What is binomial nomenclature?
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a two-word naming system.
question
Look at figure 18-5 above. Are foxes more closely related to sea stars or to snakes? Explain.
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They are more closely related to snakes, because they are in the same phylum.
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How is information about evolutionary, or phylogenetic, relationships useful in classification?
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Organisms are placed in various taxonomic groups based on evolutionary descent.
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How are genes used to help scientists classify organisms?
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Scientists compare the DNA of different organisms to establish similarities between them and reconstruct possible evolutionary relationships.
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What is the principle behind cladistic analysis?
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Cladistic analysis traces the process of evolution in a group of organisms by focusing on unique features that appear in some organisms but not in others.
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What gene indicates that yeasts and humans share a common ancestor?
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A gene that codes for the protein myosin.
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Describe the relationship between evolutionary time and the similarity of genes in two species.
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The longer it has been since two species descended from a common ancestor, the more different their genes are likely to be.
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Would a barnacle's DNA be more similar to the DNA of a crab or that of a limpet. Explain.
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It would be more similar to the DNA or crab because barnacles and crabs have a closer evolutionary relationship.
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What are the six kingdoms of life as they are now identified?
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Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia.
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What are the three domains of life?
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Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.
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Why was the kingdom Monera divided into two separate kingdoms?
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Monera was divided into two kingdoms because scientists have come to recognize profound differences among two broad group of Monera.
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Why might kingdom Protista be thought of as the "odds and ends" kingdom.
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Members of the kingdom Protista display the greatest variety, sharing characteristics with plants, fungi, or animals; protists cannot be classified in any other group.
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How are the members of the kingdom Fungi different from members of the kingdom Plantae? How are members of the two kingdoms similar?
answer
Fungi are heterotrophic; Plantae are autotrophic. Both are nonmotile.
question
Which kingdoms include only prokaryotes? Which kingdoms include only heterotrophs?
answer
Eubacteria and Archaebacteria include only prokaryotes. Fungi and Animalia contain only heterotrophs.
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