Chapter 17: Crime, Deviance, and Social Control
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a collection of people who interact with one another and who have a shared sense of belonging
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Social group
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how achieve power, used to establish boundaries of who belongs
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Positive affirmations of group membership
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what is not allowed
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Negative affirmations of group membership
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ideas and values about who members are that give group its identity
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Symbolic boundaries
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rules about what members should and should not do
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Deviant behavior
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unstated, unwritten, non-articulated rules, enforced by reward
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Norms
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the unstated terms of the social contract
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What does Durkheim call norms?
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comes from violating norms that arise out of a desire to protect wealth and private property
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Interested punishment
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comes from attempts to direct/control the behavior of individuals that has nothing to do with distribution of wealth
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Disinterested punishment
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middle class, middle aged white females
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Who accounted for the heaviest usage of morphine?
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Nixon
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What president launched the war on drugs?
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Reagen
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What president reenergized the war on drugs?
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more poor people and more african americans are arrested than white middle-class and affluent people
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Criminal drug activity shows that..
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the process through which a behavior comes to be defined or labeled
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How is deviant behavior caused?
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many kinds of behaviors are deviant because they are labeled as deviant, social construction that evolves over time
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Labeling Theory
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unethical business practices committed by people in the course of their work lives
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White collar crime
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when governments engage in deviant behavior often without criminal penalties
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State deviance
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various ways societies regulate and sanction behavior to encourage conformity to and discourage deviance from norms
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Social control
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punishments imposed by groups or societies when norms are violated
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Sanctions
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those used to enforce norms that are written into law and is carried out by officials such as police or school principles
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Formal sanctions
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such things as insults or a dirty look
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Informal sanctions
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retribution, deter, incapacitate, rehabilitate
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Why do societies punish?
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those who have committed crimes should suffer for the harm they have caused others
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Retribution
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prevent future crimes by creating a disincentive to violate law by threatening punishment
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Deter
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prevent offenders from committing further crimes, keep them off streets
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Incapacitate
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help them stop committing crimes through therapy, education, and job training
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Rehabilitate
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form of punishment where an offender is allowed to live in his or her community as long as no further offenses are committed for the length of the sentence
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Probation
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700%
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How much has the incarcerated population grown over the past 40 years?
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5.5 per 100,000
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What is the murder rate in the US?
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family or acquaintances
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Who commits the majority of murders?
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mandatory minimum sentences for drug offenses, politicians began running for office proposing to be tough on crime
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What are the theories of why criminalization of deviant behavior increased so dramatically in the past years?
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backlash to cultural trends of 1960s, scapegoats for social problems after 1970 economic downfall, urban riots lasting images made urban crime more salient in 1960s
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Why did Americans want more people in prison?
