Chapter 17 AP Psychology Note Cards – Flashcards
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Psychotherapy Example: The man went to psychotherapy to talk about his issues.
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Definition: An emotionally charged confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties. Relevance: Mental health therapies can be classified into two main categories: the psychological therapies and the biomedical therapies.
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Biomedical Therapy Example: The guy takes antidepressant for his depression and it makes him function like a normal person.
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Definition: Prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system. Relevance: Of course, many psychological disorders are also responses to social conditions, so therapists may be interested in improving an unhealthy environment as well.
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Eclectic Approach Example: The woman's therapist used eclectic approach and depending on his problems, the therapy uses techniques from various forms of therapy.
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Definition: An approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy. Relevance: Closely related to eclecticism is psychotherapy integration. Rather than picking and choosing methods, integration advocates aim to combine them into a single, coherent system.
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Psychoanalysis Example: The person ranted their feelings of their parents to the therapist as if the therapist were their parents.
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Definition: Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences - and the therapist's interpretation of them - released previously repressed feelings, all owing the patient to gain self-insight. Relevance: Freudian terminology has also crept into our modern vocabulary.
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Client-centered Therapy Example: The therapist repeated what the client told them.
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Definition: A humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathetic environment to facilitate client's growth. Relevance: A client-centered therapist focuses on the person's conscious self-perceptions rather than on the therapist's own interpretations.
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Behavior Therapy Example: The therapist can see that every time the client shakes he has unwanted feelings, so every time he shakes, the therapist shocks him.
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Definition: Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors. Relevance: To treat phobias or sexual, disorders, behavior therapists do not delve deeply below the surface looking for inner causes.
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Counterconditioning Example: The guy has a fear of rats but when he compares a rat and rabbit he is not that afraid.
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Definition: A behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behavior; based on classical conditioning. Relevance: In such therapy, two specific counterconditioning techniques - exposure therapies and aversion conditioning may be used.
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Systematic Desensitization Example: The person's therapist used exposure therapies to help with the fear of height.
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Definition: A type of counterconditioning that associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Relevance: Therefore, if you can repeatedly relax when facing anxiety - provoking stimuli, you can gradually eliminate your anxiety.
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Aversive Conditioning Example: When taking a drug that makes you sick when you drink alcohol, it allows you to stop unwanted behavior.
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Definition: A type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol). Relevance: Thus, aversive conditioning, is the reverse of systematic desensitization - it seeks to condition an aversion to something the client should avoid.
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Token Economy Example: When the person was in his session, he was really polite, so the therapist rewarded him with cake.
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Definition: An operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats. Relevance: For some people, the reinforcing power of attention or praise is sufficient.
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Cognitive-Behavior Therapy Example: The guy is suffering from OCD and he has an urge to wash his hand but instead of doing that he took a walk.
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Definition: A popular integrated therapy that combined cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior). Relevance: In one study, for example, people with obsessive-compulsive behaviors learned to relabel their compulsive thoughts.
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Cognitive Therapy The person's emotional reaction are produced not directly by the event but by the person's thoughts in response to the event.
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Definition: Therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions. Relevance: If depressed thinking patterns can be learned, then surely they can be replaced.
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Meta-Analysis Example: Distribution curves based on data from 475 studies shows the improvement of untreated people and psychotherapy clients.
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Definition: A procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies. Relevance: simply said, meta-analysis gives us the bottom-line results of all the studies.
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Electroconvulsive Therapy Example: The client was recommended electroconvulsive therapy because he has severe depression.
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Definition: A bio-medical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient. Relevance: Psychiatrists usually limit ECT to treatment of severe depression.
