chapter 16 apush – Flashcards

civil war helped them out; most powerful tribe on the western frontier; moved into southwest united states; “lords of the south plains”; hunted buffalo; allianced with utes; 1850’s- comanches declined and lost warriors and cheifs in battles; the comanches wanted peace

texas joined the confederacy so comanches developed a brisk trade selling stolen texas cattle to union army agents in new mexico; with peace from war, the us army destroyed any confederacy people in texas; this left cattle wandering on ranches; comanche then developed a rich trade with new mexicans later known as comancheros

comancheros traded salt, hard bread, flour, sugar, tobacco, blankets, knives, revolvers, rand rifles in exchange for cattle from the comanches; this caues great tension between the comanches, texas, and the gov. of us

us peace commissioners met with more than 5000 comanches as well as kiowas, naishans, cheyennes, and arapahoes at medicine lodge creek in texas; us side was led by william tecumseh sherman; the us gave the tribes an abundance of bread, coffee etc.; the us said they would help the tribes start a farm but would not support their stealing and trading ways

outraged with their demand; signed a treaty anyways;

1867 treaty between the comanches and the us army in which the comanches agreed to settle on a reservation; gave comanches the right to hunt on open plains; us thought they would become farmersl comanches had no intent on becoming farmers; comanches plan was to continue hunting cattle and trading them in new mexico

comanches kept stealing and trading cattle so us army had to attack; us forced them onto a permanent reservation;

son of comanche cheif; new comanche leader

young comanche spiritual leader; preached that if they could get rid of white ways and end their dealings with the whites, the buffalo would return; comanche attacked buffalo hunters

ua forces attacked the main camp and comanches surrendered

after he surrendered, he worked for 4 decade; became principal cheif of the comanches and led them from warfare to farming and ranching; had 8 wives, had a telephone, owned a car, etc; created the foundation for tribal survival

“dine”; dominated new mexico, colorado, and kansas; union army ended their rule along with the mescalero apaches

ordered his troops to attack the navajos and apaches;

a reservation in central mexico where the majority of the navajos and apaches were confined during the civil war; carleton then appointed kit carson to lead the attack

told the tribes that he would destroy them; marched into canyon de chelly, the sacred navajo heartland, and attacked navajo camps and destroyed orchards, crops, and livestock, most navajos surrendered and forced to bosque redondo

the apaches and navajos did not get along; not enough land for families;

peace commission visited bosque redondo and realized the us gov. created a disaster; signed a new treaty that allowed them to return to a reservation in their homeland

federal commissioners negotiated treaties with 139 tribes to create small reservations but no one followed them; settlers and miners ignored restrictions on indian land to mine; california indians were starving and murdered;

leader of the modoc tribe in southern oregon and northern california; did not like reservation life; led his people out of a reservation; they returned to their homeland on the lost river in california; us army attacked them; the modocs knew the land and hid; killed soldiers; washington said they should cease; army eventually won; survivors were taken away from homeland

helped lewis and clark; lived in oregon and idaho; divided tribe; progressors- signed a treaty to agree to live on a large reservation in idaho; nonprogressors- refused to live on reserv.; bread horses;

leader of the nonprogressors; his group and him were forced to move onto the idaho reservation; crossed mountains in montanas and groups rejected them; hope to settle in canada; us military stopped them; stopped fighting and agreed

largest tribe in great plains; largest battles were with the lakota sioux; most war-like

1866- lakota attacked the us army; gov. sought peace w the lakota and their allies;

the lakota sioux (led by red cloud) promised to avoid war and the army agreed to give back 3 forts; promised to avoid war and avoid roads; eventually found gold on thier territory so they wanted them out

led the faction that derided the treaty/ opposed the treaty

government ordered the lakota to leave winter camps and settle near the agency headquarters; the lakota resisted

lad a battalion of troops in attack on the sioux; little big horn river- his troops were surrounded by the sioux and cheyennes; none of the army survived;

defeated the sioux; gov. then broke up the great sioux reserve in the black hills of dakota and created 6 reservations— standing rock, cheyenee river, lower brule, crow creek, pine ridge and rosebud;

initiated by wovoka; a religious awakening among the lakota sioux; promised a return of buffalo and the disappearance of whites if the sioux would take up the dance and return to their ancient ways; this frightened the whites;

was sent to check out the ghost dance; told the us army it was no big deal; military ignored him and ended it anyways

led a sioux band out of the reservation and the us troops followed them; when they were caught, they returned to pine ridge; next day- those who followed big foot were asked to surrender as prisoners; ghost dancers wanted them to take a stand; the stand ended in defeat and 100-200 indians were killed- massacrue of wounded knee?– 146 people??

before ciivil war- asked indians to not fight with the army or settlers
after- pressure for space for white settlement intensified; us army units were now free to work in the west; african american troops were sent out to the west bc their hair reminded the white commanders of buffalos- troops were called buffalos soldiers; wanted native americans to be more white so put in programs to accomplish it

president lincoln signed- promised to make more federal land available for white settlement; provided 160 free acres of federal land to a family that would settle and maintain for 5 years; the act didn’t specify where the land would come from; many homestead settlements were in missesota, iowa, nebraska, and kansas (primse buffalo hunting land); p

negotiates treaties with the plain tribes; they developed the idea of reservations, large tracts of land that would be set aide for the indians; there was no more land west of the tribes to push them to so they limited the amount of land as small as possible; tribes like the sioux, nez perce, and comanches resented their confinement

ulysses s grant initiated this; a new indian peace policy; wanted to end the plain indian wars by creating a series od reservations on which tribes could maintain their traditional ways; wanted to treay the indians with dignity; goal was peace; but also wanted white settlement; he wanted the indians to become a useful part of the society but indians didnt want anything to do with the society;
1- reservations
2- made ellie parker (a native american) an office
3- us militray would not go into the reservations

appointed by grant; the first native american commissioner of indian affairs; the first nonwhite to hold a high gov. position; grant also turned to christian missionaries

known as the general allotment act; divided the reservations into 160- acre tracts to be assigned to each family; indians could now sell land like the whites; indians who took possession of a homestead also became us citizens; ended the reservation system and split it up to 160 acres ; thought they would use land for farming; this was foreign to them

pushed indians to become farmer but indians wanted to hunt; after each family was given 160 acres, the left over land was open for white settlement; was an economic and cultural disaster

a civil war veteran; was put in charge of prisoners; created a model indian school; hired sarah mather; the two taught american-style dress, the english language, and protestant christianity;

a boarding school for native american children opened in carlisle, penns to teach white ways and seperate indian children from tribal culture; these schools taught religion, western customs, and values to their indian students; run by catholics or protestants; if caught dressing in old ways, you were beaten; not popular; wanted to have indians act like whites

an army survey in 1853 offered 4 possible routes across the country variously ending in portland, san francsico, los angeles, and san diego; the union pacific rail line from california and the central pacific line connected with chicago and other eastern cities; first rail line to allow train travel across the us;

wanted the railroad to start in chicago; this dream led him to the kansas- nebraska act; once the war began, the depature of southerners from congress meant that a more northern route was the good choice

wanted the railroad to start in memphis or new orleans

the railroad was built by irish in the union pacific and chinese on the california based central pacifi; east- laid 4 rails per minute; california- had to cross the sierra nevada mountains- had to build snow sheds and blast through rock; spring of 1869- the lines connected

invented the air break for trains

invented a safer way for coupling and decoupling railway cars, saving the lives of the workers

someone could travel across the us in 10 days now

all but the most isolated american communities adjusted their clocks to place them in one of the four time zones into which nation was being divided; this was so the trains could have a standardized schedule so they would collide etc.; what we still have today-

white wanting to make a living raised cattle and moved to southwest texas; texas longhorn cattle (mix of spanish and anglo-american stock) was popular bc they survived on easy-to-find grass, didnt need extra food, and were resistant to texas fever;

civil war caused the cattlemen to go off into battle fields and leave their cattle to fend for themselves;

reassembling- the term for when the men coming home from war went out to see what they had left to brand up; the cow hunts;

unbranded cattle; were free for the taking

richard king owned 84,000 acres at the end of the civil war and expanded it to 1,270,000 acres; huge ranch in texas and new mexico; cowboys life was lonely; chuck wagons; cattle were sent to chicago

everyone started to eat alot more beef bc people said pork war hard to digest; beef became cheaper; increase in demand

founded abilene, kansas- one of nations first cattle towns to facilitate the loading of cattle onto transcontinental trains that would speed the beef to consumers;

became a wild place when the cattle drive reached town; this offered some of the only economic opportunities for women- prostitution; prostitutes were very young- 14-23; women views this as independence; all cattle towns was crazy;

created a new fleet of refrigerated railroad cars; the beef before spoiled

became the hub for feeding the world

born a slave; after civil war he became a cowboy; won roping and shooting contest and got 200 dollars; known as “deadwood dick”; big surpriser- african-american cowboy;

began replacing the anglo cowboys with mexican ones bc they could pay them less;

the first rancher to carry food and bedding for the roundups and trail drives; in his honor, the wagons became known as “chuck wagons”

kept herds in more contained areas and protects the best grass; rancher got into conflicts deciding whose grass was whose; these conflicts turned violent

the cattle era came to an end; cattle production went down; life on plains changed

one side wanted to fence and control the land while others wanted free grazing

saw themselves as las masas de los hombres pobres (the masses of the poor); they believed any land that was not part of a farmland was free for open grazing

was for private property and fencing off land; arguments for who owned the land

a secret organization that cut ranchers fences and opend the range; citizens in the san miguel county were sympathetic with the fence cutters; wanted to return the free roaming system

latinos songs and ballads

for latino; newspaper written by carlos velasco; said that mexican-americans should be able to hold local office and promoted mexican customs, pride, and links across the border

moved to the arid grasslands; came because the advertisement of railroads; these people came from different faiths, americans from eastern regions of us, immigrants from europe and mexico, former slaves, and indians; built houses out of dirt; single women moved here; homestead act supported singles not families; grew wheat; “bread basket”

mormon h=that lived parowan, utah; worker as miller and a tanner and farmed, etc;

former slave in kentucky; joined a group of slaves known as exodusters and settles in kansas bc an advertisement said “all colored people that want to go to kansas on septemeber 5, 1877, can do so for 5.00”

15 percent of these claims were from single women; married women coudnt file their own claim bc they were already part of household; 160 acres were available for families; people invited their friends to move west and lots of familes made a stablalized communitty in the west

67,000 new settlers moved to n and s dakota

people flew here bc the government declared a large swath of the former indian territory to be seperate from any reservation and opened it to white settlement

indians started to feel pressure with everyone moving in their land; some sold their land under the dawes act; ranchers were forced to fence in their cattle now; mexican communties in the west texas, new mexico, arizona and california lost power from the new settlers

corn was hard to grow in the west bc of the hot temps and lack of water; mennonite settler brought russian hard winter wheat with them; this wheat became the stable crop in kansas and the surrounding black belt; other areas spring wheat did better; in high plains, sorghum crops resisted drought well

farming was for the rich; cost about $968 to start a farm; still, hundreds of thousands of american famiiles began farms

found silver along the carson river in nevada; thousands of california miners rushed;

poor irish immigrant; asked california investors to back up his claim to a silver mine near butt, montana; very little silver was found but it happend to be the biggest copper mines in the world and made him rich;

male work; Chinese and latino miners given the least-skilled and lowest paying jobs; miners from Europe would get better paying positions;

could afford expensive mining equipment to extract deeply buried ore

it was actually the army that fought the Indian wars not the cowboys

was hired to make tombstone, arizona a safe town to encourage investors from california and the east coast; all had strong union army and republican party connections; were bothered by an outlaw group (ex-confederate cattle rustlers led by clanton brothers); at the OK Corral, the two sides met

terrorized union supporters in missouri and kansas; partners with jesse and frank james; quantrill was killed but the james brothers continued outlaws such as bank robbery at liberty

two groups of ranchers seeking to dominate the country; one outlaw- henry mccarty, changed his name to william bonney and is known as the “kid”; the kid was unsuccessful and was shot by police bc he started to rob and cattle rustle; killed 10 people in his life of 21 years

created his successful buffalo bills wild west show; born in iowa; moved to kansas where his father was killed in bleeding kansas; took a job herding cattle when 11; hunted buffalo and served as scout; traveled with his shows; traveled all across the us and in europe

everything eastern crowds wanted to see; included scene from indian battles, indian dancing, stagecoach robberoes, and always the shooting prowess of annie oakley (women who could out shoot any man); one myth in these plays is that the cowboys and indians didnt fight; it was actually the us army and indians and the cowboys avoided them; created the myth of the west; indians toured with them; buffalo bill created the myth of the wild west

western part of us were territories not states at the time; the us army was cheif protector of western citizens; federal government owned much of the land; the us geological survey and the us army corps of engineers mapped and shaped the west

the territorial leg. granted that women can vote; in 1890, when it was admitted, it became the first state to have women voters; colorado was next

around great salt lake, mormon families were settled; at this time, it was still apart of mexico; when it became the us’s, they left the mormons on their own; the president at the time forced brigham young (mormon governor of utah) out; problem- many wives; theu would not allow them to become a state supporting this

the man was expected to have multiple spouses

1862; made it a federal crime to have multiple wives; however, utah was far away and had Mormon jury so did not listen

1890- decided that statehood was more important than mormon views; they put an end to plural marriage; utah was admitted as a state in 1896; utah was the 3rd state to allow women voters

had too many mexican-descent people to be admitted at a state; president william howard taft signed to make them states; elbert j eberufge- led them to become a state

oklahoma- indians recommended admitting it as 2 states
oklahamo and sequoya
women voting- such as Wyoming and Colorado

irish and chinese

wanted indians to become a useful part of society

gave 160 acres to indians and let them farm and sell land like whites

catholic and protestants; wanted to teach white ways and beat them if the indians did anything indian like

between the us army and comanches and the comaches agreed to settle; was expected to hunt and farm but continued their old ways

new mexicans who traded with the indians;

us army men came back to look for their cows

source of conflict? -latinos wanted to all share land and let their cattle roam but whites wanted fencing; white caps- people that cut them down

single women could get this

mormons had poligomy and it was looked down upon

too many mexicans in the area

dead wood dick; black cowboy; won contest for aiming/ shooting etc

indians who believed that if they dances the buffalo would come back and white would go away

navajo