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Mental disorder:

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Persistent disturbance or dysfunction in behavior, thoughts, or emotions that causes significant distress or impairment.

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Medical Model

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Abnormal psychological experiences are conceptualized as illnesses that, like physical illnesses, have biological and environmental causes, defined symptoms, and possible cures.

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theory of physiognomy,

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mental disorders could be diagnosed from facial features.

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Signs:

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Objectively observed indicators of a disorder(objective)

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Symptoms:

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Subjectively reported behaviors, thoughts, and emotions(subjective)

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disorder

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refers to a common set of signs and symptoms;

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disease

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a known pathological process affecting the body;

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diagnosis

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is a determination as to whether a disorder or disease is present

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DSM (1952):

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Classification system; describes the features used to diagnose each recognized mental disorder; indicates how the disorder can be distinguished from other, similar problems.

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DSM-II (1968):

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First revision; provides common language for talking about disorders

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DSM-III (1980) and DSM-IV (1994):

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Moved from vague disorder descriptions; provides detailed list of symptoms/diagnostic criteria for more than 200 disorders; improves reliability in diagnosis of mental disorders

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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5):

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Describes 22 major categories containing more than 200 different mental disorders...Provides section devoted to cultural considerations in diagnosis of mental disorders... Comorbidity: Co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual

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integrated perspective incorporates biological, psychological, and environmental factors.

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Different individuals may experience a similar psychological disorder for different reasons.

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Medical model of mental disorder:

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Suggests that knowing a person's diagnosis is useful because any given category of mental illness is likely to have a distinctive cause.(defining it doesn't tell you the cause)

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Diathesis-stress model:

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Suggests that a person may be predisposed for a mental disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress (the amount of stress required to trigger depression may differ between 2 different people)

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Stigmas

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are likely attached to labeling people with psychological disorders. *Roughly 60% of sufferers do not seek treatment *Education does not dispel the stigma. *May result in unnecessary incarceration *May lead to low self-esteem

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diathesis-stress model

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suggests that a person may be predisposed for a psychological disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress.

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Research Domain Criteria Project (RDoC)

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New initiative (since 3-4 years ago..hasn't really caught on) that aims to guide the classification and understanding of mental disorders by revealing the basic processes that give rise to them Long-term goal is to better understand what abnormalities cause different disorders, and to classify disorders based on those underlying causes, rather than on observed symptoms.

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Biological factors:

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Genes; cells; brain circuits

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Psychological factors

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: Learning; attention; memory

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Social processes

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and behavior

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Anxiety disorder:

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Class of mental disorder in which anxiety is the predominant feature...Significant comorbidity between anxiety and depression....disorder if it is disproportionate

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Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD):

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*Disorder characterized by chronic excessive worry accompanied by three or more of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance *Roughly 6% of North Americans suffer *Biological and psychological factors contribute to GAD *Neurotransmitter imbalance *Occurs more in lower SES groups (everything stresses you out)

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Phobic disorders:

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Disorders characterized by marked, persistent, and excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities, or situations

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Specific phobia:

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Disorder that involves an irrational fear of a particular object or situation that markedly interferes with an individual's ability to function: Animals, natural environment, situations, blood injections and injury, other phobias

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Social phobia:

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Disorder that involves an irrational fear of being publicly humiliated or embarrassed

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Panic disorder:

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*Disorder characterized by the sudden occurrence of multiple psychological and physiological symptoms that contribute to a feeling of stark terror; panic attacks *22% of U.S have had panic attack *Hereditary component *Sodium lactate

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Agoraphobia:

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Specific phobia involving a fear of public places.

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Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD):

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Disorder in which repetitive, intrusive, thoughts (obsessions) and ritualistic behaviors (compulsions) designed to fend off those thoughts interfere significantly with an individual's functioning *Roughly 2% of the population suffers *Moderate heritability

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Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD):

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Disorder characterized by chronic physiological arousal, recurrent unwanted thoughts or images of the trauma, and avoidance of things that call the traumatic event to mind.

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Brain imaging techniques:

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Identified important neural correlates: Heightened amygdala activity; decreased medial prefrontal cortex activity; smaller hippocampus (preexisting condition)

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PTSD is an invisible wound that is difficult to diagnose with certainty,

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the Pentagon has decided that psychological casualties of war are not eligible for the Purple Heart—the hallowed medal given to those wounded or killed by enemy action

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Mood disorders:

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Mental disorders that have mood disturbances as their predominant feature

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Major depressive disorder (or unipolar depression):

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Disorder characterized by a severely depressed mood that lasts 2 wks. or more and is accompanied by feelings of worthlessness and lack of pleasure, lethargy, and sleep and appetite disturbances

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Dysthymia:

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Disorder that involves the same symptoms as in depression only less severe, but the symptoms last longer, persisting for at least 2 years

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Double depression:

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Moderately depressed mood that persists for at least 2 yrs. and is punctuated by periods of major depression

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Seasonal affective disorder (SAD):

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Depression that involves recurrent depressive episodes in a seasonal pattern

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postpartum depression

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Women experience depression at twice the rate of men,

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Heritability

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estimates for major depression range from 33% to 45%.

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Depression

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may involve norepinephrine and serotonin, and/or diminished activity in the left prefrontal cortex and increased activity in the right prefrontal cortex.

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Aaron Beck (1921- )

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noted dysfunctional attitudes and negative mood states in depressed individuals.

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Helplessness theory:

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Idea that individuals who are prone to depression automatically attribute negative experiences to causes that are internal, stable, and global

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Beck updated cognitive model:

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Negative schema developed in depressed people through combination of genetic vulnerability and negative early life experiences

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Bipolar disorder:

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Unstable emotional condition characterized by cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood (mania) and low mood (depression) *Lifetime risk is about 2.5%; no gender differences *Rapid cycling bipolar disorder for about 10% *Highest heritability rate

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Common genetic risk factors associated with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, major depression, autism spectrum disorder, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

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Biological causes (specific neurotransmitters) are difficult to substantiate.

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Expressed emotion:

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Measure of how much hostility, criticism, and emotional overinvolvement are used when speaking about a family member with a mental disorder

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Schizophrenia:

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Disorder characterized by the profound disruption of basic psychological processes, a distorted perception of reality, altered or blunted emotion, and disturbances in though, motivation, and behavior; Occurs in about 1% of the population; rarely develops before adolescence

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*Subtypes of schizophrenia include:

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paranoid(most common), catatonic, disorganized, undifferentiated, and residua

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Symptoms 1. Delusion:

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Patently false belief system, often bizarre and grandiose, that is maintained in spite of its irrationality.

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2. Hallucination:

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False perceptual experience that has a compelling sense of being real despite the absence of external stimulation

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3. Disorganized speech:

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Severe disruption of verbal communication in which ideas shift rapidly and incoherently from one to another unrelated topic

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4. Grossly disorganized behavior:

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Behavior that is inappropriate for the situation or ineffective in attaining goals, often with specific motor disturbances

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Catatonic behavior:

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Marked decrease in all movement or an increase in muscular rigidity and overactivity; Medication-induced movement disorders

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Negative symptoms are deficits or disruptions to normal emotions and behavior and include:

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Emotional and social withdrawal, apathy, poverty of speech, and other indications of the absence or insufficiency of normal behavior, motivation, and emotion(laughing when someone tells them that their wife died)

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Concordance rates

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*increase greatly with biological relatedness. *Prenatal and perinatal environments may also have effects.

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Dopamine hypothesis:

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Idea that schizophrenia involves an excess of dopamine activity Effects and treatments related to neurotransmitters have yet to be completely determined.

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Neuroimaging

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has revealed enlarged ventricles and progressive tissue loss in many cases of schizophrenia.

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Disturbed family environment

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may affect development and recovery of schizophrenia.

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________ Ventricles in Schizophrenia

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Enlarged

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD):

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Condition beginning in early childhood in which a person shows persistent communication deficits as well as restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors, interests, or activities.

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DSM-5 subsumes multiple disorders:

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Autistic disorder, Asperger's disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, pervasive developmental disorder not already specified

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Current model suggests ASD is

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impaired capacity for empathizing; decreased activity in areas associated with understanding others

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Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD):

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Persistent pattern of severe problems with inattention and/or hyperactivity or impulsiveness that cause significant impairments in functioning.(more in boys)

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Conduct disorder:

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Persistent pattern of deviant behavior involving aggression to people or animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, or serious rule violations.(more common in boys and they are into animal cruelty and fires....low empathy for anyone)

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Personality disorder:

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Disorder characterized by deeply ingrained, inflexible patterns of thinking, feeling, or relating to others or controlling impulses that cause distress or impaired functioning *Organized into three clusters: odd/eccentric, dramatic/erratic, and anxious/inhibited *14.8% of the population has a personality disorder. *Common feature is failure to take others' perspectives

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Odd/eccenric

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Paranoid, distrust in others, aggressive outbursts, jealous,

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Schizoid

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prefer to be alone, often seen as a "loner"

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Schizoytpal

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peculiar or eccentric manners of speaking or dressing. Strange beliefs. May react oddly in conversation, not resond, or talk to self

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antisocial

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Henri Desire Landru (murdered 10 women and the son of one of them...executed for serial murder) impoverished moral sense or conscience. little emotional empathy or remorese for hurting others

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borderline

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unstable moods and intense, stormy personal relationsihps. Frequent mood changes and anger, unpredictable impulses. Self-mutilation or suicidal threats

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Histrioric

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Constatnt attention seeking, provocative dress, exaggerated illnesses, all to gain attention. Believes that everyone loves them. Emotional, lively, overly dramitic, enthusiastic, and excessively flirtatious. shallow and labile emotions

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avoidant

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yearns for social contract. Fears criticism and worries about being embarrassed in front of others. Avoids social situations due to fear of rejection

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Suicide:

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Refers to intentional self-inflicted death; 10th leading cause of death in the U.S. (and 2nd 15 to 24 year olds).; large demographic differences in rate 50% of those who commit suicide do so during a depressive episode.

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Nonfatal suicide attempt:

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Potential harmful behavior with some intention of dying; higher incidence than suicide deaths

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Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI):

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Direct, deliberate destruction of body tissue in the absence of any intent to die.

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The course of a disorder is called its _____.

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prognosis

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The results of David Rosenhan's classic study BEST illustrate:

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the potential dangers of diagnostic labels.

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epidemiology

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The study of the distribution of health and diseases or disorders is called _____.

Chapter 15 Psychological Disorders – Flashcards

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