Chapter 14 Life Span – Flashcards
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Bronfenbrenner
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microsystem- individual lives, family, peers mesosystem- connections between families exosystem- parent's work macrosystem- culture, ethnic group chronosystem- sociohistorical circumstances
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Belsky
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direct and indirect interactions with children
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changes in families
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- high immigration rates of Latinos and Asians - stressors (language, identity, relocation) - more urban and suburban dwelling - more family mobility across the US - more exposure to media and technology - more divorces and remarriage
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developmental trajectories
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children- timing of child care and middle school entry adults- timing of family tasks and changes - planned (delayed marriages) - unplanned (job loss and divorce)
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single adults
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dramatic increase from 2000 to 2006 (ages 20 to 29) - stereotypes - advantages and disadvantages - settling down, changes occur
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cohabitating adults
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- U.S. 11% in 1970 and 60% today - expected to continue increasing - more in low income situations - more for companionship than love - higher in other countries - short duration in U.S.
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cohabitating older adults
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increasing numbers: 4% today - age differences - more stable, positive relationships - less likely to marry partner
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Coontz
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more fragile, increased equality, loving and intimate relationships, protection of children
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Gottman
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important self repair process - deep friendship and mutual respect - forgiveness and commitment are necessary, includes self-sacrifice
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premarital education
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- improves quality of marriage - may reduce risk of divorce - linked to higher commitment level to spouse, lower destructive level in marital conflict
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benefits of a good marriage
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- longer, healthier lives - lower levels of depression, anxiety, and anger
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children
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main reason for staying married
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verbal, physical, emotional abuse
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main causes of divorce for women
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fell out of love, cheating, different values
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main causes of divorce for men
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divorce
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- more likely early in marriage - rate decreasing since 1980s - higher in U.S. than other countries
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effects of divorce on children
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- sleeper effects - more likely to show poorer adjustment - more likely to have academic and behavioral problems - overall adjustment affected by social maturity, gender, temperament, custody situation
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demandingness
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what parent is expecting from child in terms of behavior, social interactions, temperament, etc.
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acceptance
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level of warmth related to good mental health
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authoritative
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parenting style that encourages children to be independent while placing limits and controls on actions - high demandingness and high acceptance
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authoritarian
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parenting style in which parents are restrictive and demand high levels of obedience and respect - high demandingness and low acceptance
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indulgent
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parenting style in which parents are highly involved but place few demands or controls on the child - low demandingness and high acceptance
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neglectful
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parenting style in which parents are uninvolved in child's life - low demandingness and low acceptance
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authoritative
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- friendly to children - easy temperament, secure attachment - cooperative with adults - purposive (goal directed) - responsible - creative and curious - socially skilled - more successful in school
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authoritarian
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- anxious in social situations - less socially adept - dependent - passive - less intellectually curious - less self-assured
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indulgent
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- children less emotionally mature - low on purposiveness - more irresponsible - conforming to peers - not achievement oriented
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neglectful
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- socially incompetent - impulsive, low self regulation - disobedient - delinquent - criminal activities - moody - not achievement oriented
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parent-adolescent relationships
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- conflict when adolescents push for autonomy, gradual release of control is best - gender and culture affect seeking and granting autonomy
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reciprocal socialization
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socialization that is bidirectional in that children socialize parents such as parents socialize children (transactional)
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advantages to having children early
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- more physical energy - mother likely to have fewer medical issues with pregnancy - parents less likely to build up expectations
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advantages to having children later
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- parents consider goals - more mature parents, - parents better established in career
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stepfamilies
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- children usually have better relationship with custodial parents - more adjustment problems from divorced families - adolescence is difficult time for adjustment demands
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effects of corporal punishment
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- parent is out-of-control role model - instills fear, rage, and avoidance in child - shows/tells child what not to do - punishment can be abusive
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coparenting
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- poor cooperation in parenting is not good for the child
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types of child abuse
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- physical abuse - child neglect - sexual abuse - emotional abuse
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context of abuse
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a combination of factors are likely to contribute to child maltreatment such as culture, neighborhood, and family
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Lansford
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- boys were more frequently punished corporally than were girls - mothers used corporal punishment more frequently than the father - significant differences across countries
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developmental consequences
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- emotional and relational attachment problems - personality problems and risk of suicide - aggressive behaviors and substance abuse use/abuse
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autonomy and attachment
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gaining autonomy and control over one's behavior in adolescence acquired through appropriate adult reactions to the adolescents desire for independence
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causes of conflict
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- cleaning room - getting home at a certain time - phone time caused by pubertal changes, social changes, independence
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improve
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relationships with parents generally------. - grow closer psychologically - share more - some emerging adult decisions may trouble parents - advantages and disadvantages for living in parents home
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negative effects of working parents
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- long hours, stressful, are more likely to be irritable at home and engage in less effective parenting
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sibling relationships
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- can be positive or negative - can provide emotional support - know each other well - variability in relationships
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birth order
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- 1st child is intelligent, achieving - later child is more rebellious and liberal
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adult sibling relationships
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mostly close, provides emotional support, relationship persists overtime
