question

Microbes live in Symbiotic relationships.. what are the types?

answer

Mutualism (both members benefit) Parasitism (parasite benefits while the host is harmed) Commensalism (One member benefits while the other is relatively unaffected)

question

Pathogen

answer

Any parasite that causes disease

question

Noraml Microbiota

answer

organisms that live in and on the body. Some are resident and others are transient.

question

Opportunistic Pathogens

answer

cause disease when the immune system is suppressed, when normal microbial antagonism (competition) is affected by certain changes in the body, and when a member of the normal microbiota is introduced into an area of the body unsual for that microbe.

question

Reservoirs of infection

answer

Living and nonliving continous sources of infectious disease.

question

zoonotic diseases (zoonoses)

answer

diseases of animals that may be spread to humans via direct contact with the animal or its waste products, or via an arthropod. Humans may be asymptomatic carriers.

question

Nonliving reservoirs

answer

infection include soil, water, and inanimate objects.

question

Microbial contamination

answer

refers to the mere presense of microbes in or on the body or object. They include harmless resident and transient members of the microbiota, as well as pathogens, which after a successful invasion cause an infection.

question

Portals of entry of pathogens into the body

answer

skin, mucous membranes, the placenta, and the parenteral route, by which microbes are directly deposited into deeper tissues.

question

Adhesion

answer

Pathogens attach to cells via a variety of structures or attachment proteins called adhesion factors. Some bacteria and viruses lose the ability to make a adhesion factors called adhesions and thereby become avirulent.

question

Biofilm

answer

some bacteria interact to produce a sticky web of cells and polysaccharides that adheres to a surface.

question

Morbidity

answer

AKA disease- a condition sufficiently adverse enough to interfere with normal functioning of the body.

question

Symptoms versus Signs

answer

subjectively felt by patient / outside observable

question

Syndrome

answer

a group of symptoms and signs that collectively characterizes a particular abnormal condition.

question

Asymptomatic or subclinical infections

answer

may go unnoticed because of the absense of symptoms, even though clinical tests might reveal signs of disease.

question

Etiology

answer

the study of the cause of a disease

question

Kochs Postulates

answer

a series of essential conditions to prove the cause of infectious diseases. Some circumstances can make the use of these postulates difficult or even impossible.

question

Pathogenicity

answer

a microorganisms ability to cause disease

question

Virulence

answer

degree of pathogenicity.

question

Virulence Factors affect the relative ability of a pathogen to infect and cuase disease. What are the factors?

answer

adhesion factors extracellular enzymes toxins antiphagocytic factors

question

Toxemia

answer

the presense of poisons called toxins in the blood

question

Exotoxins

answer

secreted by pathogens into their environment

question

Endotoxins (lipid A)

answer

released from the cell wall of dead and dying Gram-negative bacteria and can cause fatal effects.

question

Antitoxins

answer

antibodies the host forms against toxins

question

Disease Process (stages of infectious diseases)

answer

incubation period prodromal period illness decline convalescence

question

Portals of Exit

answer

(ex nose, mouth, and urethra) allow pathogens to leave the body and are of interest in studying the spread of disease.

question

Direct Contact transmission

answer

person-to-person spread by bodily contact.

question

Indirect Contact Transmission

answer

When pathogens are transmitted via inanimate objects (fomites)

question

Doplet Transmission

answer

pathogens travel in droplets of mucus less than 1 meter to a new host as a result of speaking, coughing, or sneezing.

question

Vehicle Transmission

answer

involves airborne, waterborne, and foodborne transmission.

question

Aerosols

answer

clouds of water droplets, which travel more than 1 meter in airborne transmission.

question

Fecal-oral Infection

answer

result from sewage contaminated drinking water or from ingesting fecal contaminants.

question

Bodily Fluid Transmission

answer

spread of pathogens via blood, urine, saliva, or other fluids

question

1. Vectors 2. Biological vectors 3. Mechanical vectors

answer

1. transmit pathogens between hosts. 2. animals (usually biting arthropods) serve as both host and vector pathogens. 3. not hosts to the pathogens they carry.

question

Diseases can be descibed as 1. acute 2. subacute 3. chronic 4. latent

answer

1. disease develops rapidly but lasts only a short time (common cold) 2. have durations and severities that lie somewhere between acute and chronic. (endocarditis, a disease of heart valves) 3. develop slowly and are continual or recurrent. (mononucleosis, hep C, TB, leprosy) 4. a pathogen remains inactive for a long period of time before becoming active. (Herpes)

question

Communicable disease

answer

infectious disease comes either directly or indirectly from another host.

question

Contagious disease

answer

a disease that is easily transmitted from a reservoir or patient.

question

Noncommunicable disease

answer

arise from either outside of hosts or from normal microbiota.

question

Epidemiology

answer

study of where and when diseases occur and how they are transmitted within populations.

question

Epidemiologists track the Incidence/ prevalence of a disease

answer

number of new cases/ total number of cases

question

classification of disease outbreaks as 1. endemic 2. spiradic 3. epidemic 4. pandemic

answer

1. usually present 2. occasional 3. more cases than usual 4. epidemic or more than one continent

question

Decriptive epidemiology

answer

the careful recording of data concerning a disease; it often includes detection of the index case.

question

index case

answer

the first case of the disease in a given area or population

question

Analytical epidemiology

answer

seeks to determine the probable cause of a disease.

question

Eperimental epidemiology

answer

involves testing a hypothesis resulting from analytical studies

question

Nosocomial infections and nosocomial diseases

answer

acquired by patients in health care facilities

question

exogenous

answer

acquired from the health care environment

question

endogenous

answer

derived from normal microbiota that become opportunistic while in the hospital setting

question

iatrogenic

answer

induced by treatment or medical procedures

question

World Health Organization

answer

use epidemiological data to promulgate rules and standards for clean, potable water and safe food, to prevent disease by controlling vectors and animal reservoirs, and to educate people to make healthy choices concerning the prevention of disease.

question

In which type of symbiosis do both members benefit from their interaction?

answer

mutualism

question

An axenic environment is one that

answer

contains only one species

question

which of the following is false concerning microbial contaminants?

answer

most microbal contaminants will eventually cause harm

question

The most frequent portal of entry for pathogens is

answer

the respiratory tract

question

The process by which microorganisms attach themselves to cells is

answer

adhesion

question

Which of the following are most likely to cause disease?

answer

highly virulent organisms

question

The nature of bacterial capsules

answer

affects the virulence of these bacteria

question

When pathogenic bacterial cells lose the ability to make adhesions, they

answer

become avirulent

question

A disease in which a pathogen remains inactive for a long period of time before becoming active is termed a(n)

answer

latent disease

question

Which of the following statements is the best definition of a pandemic disease?

answer

It is an epidemic that occurs on more than once continent at the same time.

question

Which of the following types of epifemiologists is most like a detective?

answer

an analytical epidemiologist

question

An animal was infected with a virus. A mosquito bit the animal, was contaminated with the virus, and proceeded to bite and infect a person. which was the vector?

answer

The mosquito

question

A patient contracted athletes foot after long term use of a medication. His physician explained that the malady was directly related to the medication. Such infections are termed:

answer

iatrogenic infection

question

Which of the following phrases describes a contagious disease?

answer

a disease that is easily passed from host to host in aerosols.

question

A microbe that causes disease is called a ___.

answer

pathogen

question

Infections that may go unnoticed due to the absence of symptoms are called _____ infections.

answer

asymptomatic

question

The study of the cause of a disease is___.

answer

etiology

question

The study of where and when diseases occur and how they are transmitted within populations is____.

answer

epidemiology

question

Diseases that are naturally spread from their usual animal hosts to humans are called___.

answer

zoonoses

question

Nonliving reservoirs of disease, such as a toothbrush, drinking glass, and needle, are called ____

answer

fomites

question

____ infections are those acquired by patients or staff while in health care facilities.

answer

nosocomial

question

To total number of cases of a disease in a given area is its ___

answer

prevalence

question

An animal that carries a pathogen and also serves as host for the pathogen is a ____ vector.

answer

biologocal

question

Endotoxin is the part of the cell wall of a Gram-negative bacterium know as ___.

answer

Lipid A

Chapter 14: Infection, Infectious Diseases, and Epidemiology. – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards