History Chapter 14 Test Questions – Flashcards
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Interstate Commerce Act
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congress passed this law because of the public outrage. This act reestablished the right of the federal government to supervise railroad activities and established a five-member Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) for that purpose.
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Munn v. Illinois
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1876; The Supreme Court upheld the Granger laws. One case allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads, and is commonly regarded as a milestone in the growth of federal government regulation.
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Crédit Mobilier
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Scandal where the stockholders gave this company a contract to lay track at two to three times the actual cost—and pocketed the profits
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George M. Pullman
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Built manufacturing sleepers and other railroad cars on the prairie miles from the center of Chicago.
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transcontinental railroad
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Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west
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Edwin L. Drake
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Successfully used a steam engine to drill for oil near Titusville, PA. Started an oil boom across Kentucky, Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, and Texas
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Bessemer process
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developed independently by the British manufacturer Henry Bessemer and American iron maker William Kelly around 1850, soon became widely used.
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Thomas Alva Edison
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a pioneer on the new industrial frontier when he established the world's first research laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey. There he perfected the incandescent light bulb—patented in 1880—and later invented an entire system for producing and distributing electrical power.
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Christopher Sholes
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Invented the typewriter in 1867 and changed the world of work.
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Alexander Graham Bell
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He was an American inventor who was responsible for developing the telephone. This greatly improved communications in the country.
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Andrew Carnegie
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was one of the first industrial moguls to make his own fortune. He entered the steel business in 1873 after touring a British steel mill and witnessing the awesome spectacle of the Bessemer process in action. By 1899, the Carnegie Steel Company was producing more steel than all factories in Great Britain.
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vertical integration
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process in which a company buys out its suppliers
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horizontal integration
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Type of monopoly where a company buys out all of its competition. Ex. Rockefeller
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Social Darwinism
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The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.
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On the Origin of Species
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book written by Charles Darwin that set forth the theory that higher life forms had evolved trhough random mutation and adaptation
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Charles Darwin
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English naturalist. He studied the plants and animals of South America and the Pacific islands, and in his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859) set forth his theory of evolution. (p. 715)
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natural selection
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a natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment
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Herbert Spencer
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English philosopher and sociologist who applied the theory of natural selection to human societies
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laissez faire
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"allows to do"
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John D. Rockefeller
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an American industrialist and philanthropist. He revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy. In 1870, he founded the Standard Oil Company and ran it until he retired in the late 1890s. He kept his stock and as gasoline grew in importance, his wealth soared and he became the world's richest man and first U.S. dollar billionaire, and is often regarded as the richest person in history
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Sherman Antitrust Act
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an 1890 law that banned the formation of trusts and monopolies in the United States
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Samuel Gompers
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led the Cigar Makers' International Union to join with other craft unions in 1886
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trusts
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group of corporations run by a single board of directors
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American Federation of Labor
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With Samuel Gompers as the leader, it was a union for skilled laborers that fought for worker rights in a non-violent way. It provided skilled laborers with a union that was unified, large, and strong.
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Eugene V. Debs
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Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.
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William "Big Bill" Haywood
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Leader of the IWW (Industrial Workers of the World ) whose goal was to organize all workers into one union to overthrow Capitalism
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Industrial Workers of the World
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Founded in 1905, this radical union, also known as the Wobblies aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor's interests. It worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers, advocated social revolution, and led several major strikes. Stressed solidarity.
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Mary Harris Jones
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supported the Great Strike of 1877 and later orginized the United Mine Workers of America
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trade and interdependence
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railroads promoted...
