Chapter 13: Stress and Health
71 test answers
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answers 71question
By adding up the stress ratings of each life-change experienced,
answer
is a significant indicator of a person's likeliness of future illness
Unlock the answer
question
Chronic Stressors
answer
sources of stress that occur continuously or repeatedly (strained relationships, discrimination, bullying)
Unlock the answer
question
Learned Helplessness
answer
The belief that one has no control over one's situation based on past experiences. (Dogs getting shocked without escape, then not trying to escape when there is a way out)
Unlock the answer
question
what kinds of stressors are you likely to be exposed to if you live in a dense urban area with considerable traffic, noise, and pollution?
answer
Chronic stressors
Unlock the answer
question
According to the College Undergraduate Stress Scale, which of these are most stressful
answer
1. concerns about appearance 2. lack of sleep 3. getting sick answer: LACK OF SLEEP!
Unlock the answer
question
Fight-or-flight response
answer
an emotional and physiological reaction to an emergency that increases readiness for action
Unlock the answer
question
general adaption syndrome (GAS)
answer
a three stage physiological stress response that appears regardless of the stressor that is encountered
Unlock the answer
question
three stages of GAS:
answer
1. Alarm Phase (equivalent to fight or flight) 2. Resistance Phase 3. Exhaustion Phase
Unlock the answer
question
Alarm phase
answer
the body rapidly mobilizes its resources to respond to a threat.
Unlock the answer
question
resistance phase
answer
the body tries to adapt and cope with the stressor by shutting down unnecessary processes such as digestion, growth and the sex drive
Unlock the answer
question
exhaustion phase
answer
the body's resistance collapses, creating damage that can include susceptibility to infection, tumor growth, aging, irreversible organ damage or death.
Unlock the answer
question
stress significantly accelerates the
answer
ageing process
Unlock the answer
question
telomeres
answer
caps at the end of each chromosome that protects the ends of chromosomes and prevent them from sticking to each other.
Unlock the answer
question
each time a cell divides
answer
telomeres become slightly shorter
Unlock the answer
question
people exposed to chronic stess
answer
have shorter telomere lengths
Unlock the answer
question
immune system
answer
complex response system that protects the body from bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances.
Unlock the answer
question
stressors can cause hormones called
answer
glucocorticoids, to flood the brain, wearing down the immune system and making it less able to fight invaders.
Unlock the answer
question
an example of how stress can effect the immune system:
answer
medical student volunteers agreed to receive small wounds to the roof of their mouth. researchers observed that these wounds healed more slowly during exams period than during summer vacation.
Unlock the answer
question
living life at the bottom levels of society can increase risk of
answer
infection by weakening the immune system.
Unlock the answer
question
Chronic stress is a major contributor to
answer
coronary heart disease
Unlock the answer
question
Type A behavior pattern
answer
a tendency toward easily aroused hostility, impatience, a sense of time urgency, and competitiveness achievement strivings
Unlock the answer
question
psychological Reactions
answer
1. Stress interpretation 2. Burnout
Unlock the answer
question
stress interpretation
answer
primary secondary
Unlock the answer
question
primary appraisal
answer
allows you to realize that a small dark spot on your shirt is a stressor (spider!)
Unlock the answer
question
secondary appraisal
answer
determining whether the stressor is something you can handle or not. That is whether you have control over the event.
Unlock the answer
question
burnout
answer
state of physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion created by longterm involvement in an emotionally demanding situation and accompanied by lowered performance and motivation.
Unlock the answer
question
the brain activation that occurs in response to a threat begins in the
answer
hypothalamus
Unlock the answer
question
according to the general adaption syndrome, during the ------ phase, the body adapts to its high state of arousal as it tries to cope with a stressor
answer
resistance
Unlock the answer
question
this is true regarding the physiological response to stress
answer
the immune system is remarkably responsive to psychological influences
Unlock the answer
question
Mind development (three strategies)
answer
1. repressive coping (run away from the stressor) 2. rational coping (face the reality of the stressor) 3, reframing (finding a new way to think about the stressor)
Unlock the answer
question
repressive coping
answer
avoiding situations or thoughts that are reminders of a stressor
Unlock the answer
question
rational coping
answer
facing the stressor and working to overcome it
Unlock the answer
question
reframing
answer
finding a new creative way to think about the stressor that reduced its threat.
Unlock the answer
question
Body Management
answer
1. Meditation 2. Relaxation 3. Biofeedback 4. Aerobic Exercise
Unlock the answer
question
Meditation
answer
practice of intentional contemplation focuses on -clearing the mind and thought -on a single thought -concentration on breathing or mantra (om)
Unlock the answer
question
Relaxation Therapy
answer
technique for reducing tension by consciously relaxing muscles of the body
Unlock the answer
question
Relaxation Response
answer
a condition if reduced muscle tension, cortical activity, heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure
Unlock the answer
question
Biofeedback
answer
the use of external monitoring device to obtain information about a bodily function and possibly gain control over that function. - can help people control physiological functions they are not otherwise aware of.
Unlock the answer
question
Aerobic Exercise
answer
exercise that increases the heart rate and oxygen intake for a sustained period.
Unlock the answer
question
Situation Management
answer
1. Social Support 2. Religious Experiencing 3. Humor
Unlock the answer
question
Social support
answer
aid gained through interacting with others
Unlock the answer
question
stress reaction in men:
answer
fight or flight response. Nervous system arousal- epinephrine and norepinephrine released
Unlock the answer
question
Stress reaction for females:
answer
tend and befriend stress response (which may explain why women are healthier and have a strong life span than do men). Nervous system arousal- epinephrine and norepinephrine released as well as oxytocin (in nursing mothers, etc.). Oxytocin in the presence of estrogen triggers social responses.
Unlock the answer
question
Religious Experiencing
answer
... page 426
Unlock the answer
question
religiosity
answer
affiliation with or engagement in the practices of a particular religion
Unlock the answer
question
spirituality
answer
having a belief in and engagement with some higher power, not necessarily linked to any particular religion.
Unlock the answer
question
engagement in religious/spiritual practices may lead to development of a stronger and more extensive social network, has well known
answer
health benefits
Unlock the answer
question
Humor
answer
can diffuse sensitivity to pain and stress study: participants were more tolerant of the pain from an overinflated blood pressure cuff during laughter inducing comedy audiotape than during a neutral tape or instructed relaxation.
Unlock the answer
question
meditation is an altered state of consciousness that occurs
answer
naturally or through special practices.
Unlock the answer
question
finding a new or creative way to think about a stressor is
answer
reframing
Unlock the answer
question
the positive health outcomes associated with religiosity and spirituality are believed to be the result of
answer
-engagement in healthier behavior -endorsement of hope and optimism -intercessory prayer
Unlock the answer
question
psychosomatic illness
answer
an interaction between mind and body that can produce illness.
Unlock the answer
question
somatic symptom disorders
answer
set of psychological disorders in which a person with at least one bodily symptom displays significant health related anxiety, expresses disproportionate concerns about symptoms, and devotes excessive time and energy to symptoms or health concerns.
Unlock the answer
question
sick role
answer
a socially recognized set of rights and obligations linked with illness
Unlock the answer
question
malingering
answer
medical or psychological symptoms to achieve something they want. Faking illness to skip school- malingering can be difficult to diagnose and treat
Unlock the answer
question
a person who is preoccupied with minor symptoms and believes they signify a life threatening illness is likely to be diagnosed with
answer
a somatic symptom disorder
Unlock the answer
question
faking an illness is a violation of
answer
malingering
Unlock the answer
question
what describes a successful health care provider
answer
-display empathy, pays attention to both the physical -psychological state of the patient -uses psychology to promote patient compliance
Unlock the answer
question
two kinds of psychological factors influence personal health:
answer
1. health relevant personality traits 2. health behavior
Unlock the answer
question
optimism
answer
one that most strongly predicted a positive outcome for cardiovascular health. -positive emotions when sick -avoid negative emotions such as anxiety and depression -stick to medical regiments their caregivers prescribe -keep their relationships with others -engage in healthier behaviors
Unlock the answer
question
Hardiness: stress resistance group shared these traits
answer
-Commitment- ability to become involved in life's tasks and encounter rather than just dabbling. -Control- the expectation that their actions and words have a casual influence over their live's and environments -Challenge- undertaking change and accepting opportunities for growth
Unlock the answer
question
health promoting behaviors and self regulation
answer
-self regulation -eating wisely -avoiding sexual risks -not smoking
Unlock the answer
question
self regulation
answer
exercise of voluntary control over the self to bring the self into line with preferred standards.
Unlock the answer
question
self regulation often involves putting immediate gratification for
answer
long term gains.
Unlock the answer
question
when sick, optimists are likely to
answer
maintain positive attitudes
Unlock the answer
question
traits associated with Hardiness
answer
sense of commitment belief in control willingness to accept challenge
Unlock the answer
question
Stress _________ the self-regulation of behaviors such as eating and smoking.
answer
disrupts
Unlock the answer
