question

The unique way in which each individual thinks, acts, and feels throughout life is called a) character. b) personality. c) temperament. d) the unconscious.

answer

b Temperament and character are both part of personality. Character refers to value judgments made about a person's morals, and temperament refers to the enduring characteristics that a person is born with.

question

One limitation of the trait perspective compared to the other perspectives is there is not much a) description. b) research. c) material. d) explanation.

answer

a Trait theories are descriptive and deal with the actual end result of personality.

question

Many have compared Freud's idea of the mind to an iceberg. If that were the case and you were standing on the deck of a ship in Alaska, what part of the mind would you see above the water? a) ego b) superego c) id d) preconscious

answer

a The ego is the part of the mind that is conscious and in view

question

Information that cannot be recalled even when a person makes a determined effort to retrieve it would be said by Freud to be residing in the a) conscious. b) preconscious. c) unconscious. d) superego.

answer

c Freud thought that information sometimes seeped out of the unconscious through our dreams or slips of the tongue, but for the most part, the information was not readily available to our conscious awareness

question

In Sigmund Freud's theory, the _____ operates according to the pleasure principle. a) id b) ego c) thanatos d) superego

answer

a According to Freud, the id represents the most basic part of the personality and operates on the pleasure principle. The ego operates on the reality principle

question

According to Freud, the last component of an individual's personality to develop is the a) ego. b) superego. c) id. d) libido.

answer

b Freud's theory states that the superego develops during the phallic stage or when an individual is 5-6 years old.

question

. What is Freud's term for the executive of the personality that has a realistic plan for obtaining gratification of an individual's desires? a) id b) ego c) superego d) preconscious

answer

b The ego is in charge of reality and decisions and the superego is there for moral judgments, but the ego makes the decisions.

question

Freud called the developmental stage in which the Oedipus complex occurs the a) oral stage. b) anal stage. c) phallic stage. d) latency stage.

answer

c The Oedipus complex leads to the development of the superego and occurs during the phallic stage.

question

Freud believed that the personality characteristics of overeating, gum chewing, being too dependent or overly optimistic developed due to fixation during the a) oral stage. b) anal stage. c) phallic stage. d) latency stage.

answer

a Freud described those personality traits as resulting from fixation during the oral stage of development.

question

Which neo-Freudian viewed personality disturbances as resulting from the feelings of inferiority all people share? a) Carl Jung b) Alfred Adler c) Carl Rogers d) Karen Horney

answer

. b Adler viewed personality disturbances as resulting from the feelings of inferiority all people share. Jung focused on archetypes in the collective unconscious.

question

Karen Horney disagreed with Freud about the unconscious force that influences behavior. She believed the force was not sexual desire, but rather a) feelings of inferiority. b) basic anxiety. c) the collective unconscious. d) self-regard.

answer

b Horney believed that basic anxiety was the unconscious driving force behind many of the behaviors people exhibited.

question

. Which of the following is not a current criticism of Freud's psychoanalytic theory? a) the significant impact it has had on culture b) the lack of empirical evidence c) observations based on Freud's personal clients d) role of women in Freud's theory

answer

a The impact of Freud's theory on culture is not considered a criticism

question

Albert Bandura's notion that people are affected by their environment but can also influence that environment is known as a) self-efficacy. b) locus of control. c) phenomenology. d) reciprocal determinism

answer

d Self-efficacy refers to one's perception of how effective a behavior will be in any particular circumstance, whereas reciprocal determinism is Bandura's notion that people are affected by their environment but can also influence that environment.

question

A baseball player's son is quite talented; he has received lots of awards over the years. When he gets up to bat he expects to get a hit, and when he is in the field he expects to make every catch. According to Bandura, what characteristic does this young man seem to have? a) self-regard b) self-centeredness c) self-efficacy d) self-actualization

answer

c Self-efficacy refers to one's perception of how effective a behavior will be in any particular circumstance. Self-actualization has to do with self-fulfillment and reaching one's full potential.

question

_____________ theory is called the third force in personality theory. a) Psychoanalytic. b) Behaviorist c) Cognitive d) Humanistic

answer

d Humanistic theory is called the third force in personality theory; the first two are psychoanalytic theory and behaviorist theory

question

In Carl Rogers's theory, our perception of our abilities, behaviors, and characteristics is known as a) personality. b) self-regard. c) self-esteem. d) self-concept.

answer

d Self-esteem has more to do with one's sense of worth

question

Which of the following represents an example of unconditional positive regard? a) a mother telling her son that she hopes he becomes an engineer like his father b) a father telling his daughter that he will really only be proud of her if she gets all As like she did last semester c) an owner only pays attention to her dog when he is well-behaved d) a parent telling his son he loves him even though he just wrecked the family car

answer

d Rogers defined unconditional positive regard as being love, affection, and respect with no strings attached.

question

What did Gordon Allport think about traits? a) He thought they were like stages. b) He thought they were wired into the nervous system. c) He thought they were learned. d) He thought they were the result of cognitive modeling.

answer

b Allport thought traits were not learned, but rather were wired into the nervous system.

question

How many source traits did Raymond Cattell discover through the process of factor analysis? a) 5 b) 16 c) 200 d) 4,500

answer

b Cattell proposed that there were 16 source traits of personality.

question

What psychoanalytic theorist most notably influenced the Big Five theory of personality? a) Freud b) Jung c) Erikson d) Horney

answer

b Freud's views are not involved in trait theory, but Jung's theory mentioned extroversion, which is one of the Big Five traits

question

The fact that an outgoing extravert might be very talkative at a party but very quiet at a funeral is an example of a) trait-situation interaction. b) cross-cultural similarities. c) source trait reliability. d) neuroticism

answer

a The trait-situation interaction focuses on the interaction of source traits with the specific environment or situation that a person is in.

question

What major conclusion about personality traits emerged from the Minnesota twin study? a) Identical twins are more similar than any other type of sibling. b) Siblings reared apart were much more similar than identical twins. c) Fraternal twins reared together were much more similar than identical twins. d) Personality scores for twins were not related in either case.

answer

a Identical twins, who share the same genes, are more similar in personality than are any other type of siblings

question

Which of the following countries would not be considered a collectivist country according to the studies by Geert Hofstede? a) Japan b) United States c) Mexico d) Korea

answer

b The Hofstede study found that the United States could be described as more of an individualistic culture.

question

Which of the following terms describes the cultural personality of the United States according to Hofstede's dimensions of cultural personality? a) individualistic b) high in power distance c) low in individualism d) high in uncertainty avoidance

answer

a Americans expect power to be well-distributed rather than held by an elite few; democracies are typically low in power distance

question

Which of the following is considered an advantage in the use of interviews for personality assessment? a) halo effect b) answers are based on self-report c) bias of the interviewer d) natural flow of the questions

answer

d The natural flow of the interview process is one of the advantages of this method

question

Which personality test relies on the interpretation of inkblots to understand personality? a) MMPI b) 16PF c) TAT d) Rorschach

answer

d The Rorschach is a projective test that relies on the use of inkblot interpretation

question

Which of the following is not a criticism of projective tests? a) They are a projection of the person's unconscious concern. b) They are low in reliability. c) Their interpretation is more an art than a science. d) They lack validity.

answer

a The reason a psychologist would use a projective test is to get a "projection" of that individual's unconscious concerns.

question

The most commonly used personality inventory is the a) MMPI-2. b) MBTI. c) TAT. d) CPI.

answer

a The MMPI-2 is used more than any other inventory

question

Which of the following is an advantage to using personality inventories? a) observer bias b) their standardization c) biases of interpretation d) their reliance on self-report

answer

b The fact that personality inventories are standardized represents one of the greatest advantages to using this assessment technique

question

Darla tries to save money by bringing her lunch to work. However, on four out of five work days last week, she threw away her sandwich from home and instead went out to lunch with her work colleagues. To justify the added expense of the restraunt meals, Darla tells herself that the time spent "networking" with her colleagues will help to improve her chances for promotion at work. Which of the following psychological defense mechanisms best describes Darla's behavior? a) Projection b) Displacement c) Rationalization d) Repression

answer

c The psychological defense mechanism of rationalization is defined as making up acceptable excuses for unacceptable behavior

question

agreeableness

answer

the emotional style of a person which may range from easy-going, friendly, and likeable to grumpy, crabby, and unpleasant.

question

anal stage

answer

second stage occurring from about 1 or 1.5 years of age, in which the anus is the erogenous zone and toilet training is the source of conflict.

question

archetypes

answer

Jung's collective, universal human memories

question

basic anxiety.

answer

anxiety created when a child is born into the bigger and more powerful world of older children and adults

question

behavioral genetics

answer

field of study devoted to discovering the genetic bases for personality characteristics.

question

character

answer

value judgments of a person's moral and ethical behavior

question

collective unconscious

answer

Jung's name for the memories shared by all members of the human species.

question

compensation (substitution)

answer

defense mechanism in which a person makes up for inferiorities in one area by becoming superior in another area

question

conditional positive regard

answer

positive regard that is given only when the person is doing what the providers of positive regard wish.

question

conscience

answer

Part of the superego that produces guilt, depending on how acceptable behavior is.

question

conscientiousness

answer

the care a person gives to organization and thoughtfulness of others, dependability

question

denial

answer

psychological defense mechanism in which a person refuses to acknowledge or recognize a threatening situation

question

direct observation

answer

assessment in which the professional observes the client engaged in ordinary, day-to-day behavior in either a clinical or natural setting.

question

displacement

answer

redirecting feelings from one threatening target to a less threatening one.

question

ego

answer

part of the personality that develops out of a need to deal with reality, mostly conscious, rational and logical.

question

expectancy

answer

a person's subjective feeling that a particular behavior will lead to a reinforcing consequence

question

extraversion

answer

dimension of personality referring to one's need to be with other people

question

extraverts

answer

people who are outgoing and sociable.

question

five-factor model (Big Five)

answer

model of personality traits that describes five basic trait dimensions.

question

fixation

answer

disorder in which the person does not fully resolve the conflict in a particular psychosexual stage, resulting in personality traits and behavior associated with that earlier stage

question

frequency count

answer

assessment in which the frequency of a particular behavior is counted

question

fully functioning person

answer

a person who is in touch with and trusting of the deepest, innermost urges and feelings.

question

habits

answer

in behaviorism, sets of well-learned responses that have become automatic

question

halo effect

answer

tendency of an interviewer to allow positive characteristics of a client to influence the assessments of the client's behavior and statements

question

humanistic perspective

answer

the "third force" in psychology that focuses on those aspects of personality that make people uniquely human, such as subjective feelings and freedom of choice.

question

id

answer

part of the personality present at birth and completely unconscious.

question

ideal self

answer

one's perception of who one should be or would like to be.

question

identification

answer

defense mechanism in which a person tries to become like someone else to deal with anxiety

question

interview

answer

method of personality assessment in which the professional asks questions of the client and allows the client to answer, either in a structured or unstructured fashion.

question

introversion

answer

dimension of personality in which people tend to withdraw from excessive stimulation

question

introverts

answer

people who prefer solitude and dislike being the center of attention.

question

latency

answer

fourth stage occurring during the school years, in which the sexual feelings of the child are repressed while the child develops in other ways.

question

locus of control

answer

the tendency for people to assume that they either have control or do not have control over events and consequences in their lives.

question

neo-Freudians

answer

followers of Freud who developed their own, competing psychodynamic theories

question

neurotic personalities

answer

personalities typified by maladaptive ways of dealing with relationships in Horney's theory.

question

neuroticism

answer

degree of emotional instability or stability.

question

Oedipus complex/Electra complex

answer

situation occurring in the phallic stage in which a child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent and jealousy of the same sex-parent. Males develop an Oedipus complex and females develop an Electra complex.

question

openness

answer

one of the five factors, willingness to try new things and be open to new experiences

question

oral stage

answer

first stage occurring in the first year of life, and in which the mouth is the erogenous zone and weaning is the primary conflict

question

personal unconscious

answer

Jung's name for the unconscious mind as described by Freud

question

personality

answer

the unique and relatively stable ways in which people think, feel, and behave.

question

personality inventory

answer

paper and pencil or computerized test that consists of statements that require a specific, standardized response from the person taking the test.

question

phallic stage

answer

third stage occurring from about 3 to 6 years of age, in which the child discovers sexual feelings.

question

pleasure principle

answer

principle by which the id functions; the immediate satisfaction of needs without regard for the consequences

question

positive regard

answer

warmth, affection, love, and respect that come from significant others in one's life.

question

projection

answer

psychological defense mechanism in which unacceptable or threatening impulses or feelings are seen as originating with someone else, usually the target of the impulse or feelings. Also defined as a defense mechanism involving placing, or "projecting," one's own unacceptable thoughts onto others, as if the thoughts actually belonged to those others and not to oneself.

question

projective tests

answer

personality assessments that present ambiguous visual stimuli to the client and ask the client to respond with whatever comes to mind

question

psychoanalysis

answer

Freud's term for both the theory of personality and the therapy based on it.

question

psychological defense mechanisms

answer

unconscious distortions of a person's perception of reality that reduce stress and anxiety.

question

psychosexual stages

answer

five stages of personality development proposed by Freud and tied to the sexual development of the child.

question

rating scale

answer

assessment in which a numerical value is assigned to specific behavior that is listed in the scale.

question

reaction formation

answer

psychological defense mechanism in which a person forms an opposite emotional or behavioral reaction to the way he or she really feels to keep those true feelings hidden from self and others

question

real self

answer

one's perception of actual characteristics, traits, and abilities

question

reality principle

answer

principle by which the ego functions; the satisfaction of the demands of the id only when negative consequences will not result.

question

reciprocal determinism

answer

Bandura's explanation of how the factors of environment, personal characteristics, and behavior can interact to determine future behavior

question

regression

answer

psychological defense mechanism in which a person falls back on childlike patterns of responding in reaction to stressful situations

question

repression

answer

psychological defense mechanism in which the person refuses to consciously remember a threatening or unacceptable event, instead pushing those events into the unconscious mind.

question

Rorschach inkblot test

answer

projective test that uses 10 inkblots as the ambiguous stimuli

question

self

answer

an individual's awareness of his or her own personal characteristics and level of functioning.

question

self-actualizing tendency

answer

the striving to fulfill one's innate capacities and capabilities.

question

self-concept

answer

the image of oneself that develops from interactions with important, significant people in one's life.

question

self-efficacy

answer

individual's perception of how effective his or her efforts to accomplish a goal will be in any particular circumstance

question

social cognitive learning theorists

answer

theorists who emphasize the importance of both the influences of other people's behavior and of a person's own expectancies of learning

question

social cognitive view

answer

learning theory that includes cognitive processes such as anticipating, judging, memory, and imitation of models.

question

source traits

answer

the more basic traits that underlie the surface traits, forming the core of personality.

question

subjective

answer

referring to concepts and impressions that are only valid within a particular person's perception and may be influenced by biases, prejudice, and personal experiences.

question

sublimation

answer

channeling socially unacceptable impulses and urges into socially acceptable behavior

question

superego

answer

part of the personality that acts as a moral center.

question

surface traits

answer

aspects of personality that can easily be seen by other people in the outward actions of a person.

question

temperament

answer

the enduring characteristics with which each person is born

question

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

answer

projective test that uses twenty pictures of people in ambiguous situations as the visual stimuli

question

trait

answer

a consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving

question

trait theories

answer

theories that endeavor to describe the characteristics that make up human personality in an effort to predict future behavior

question

trait-situation

answer

interaction the assumption that the particular circumstances of any given situation will influence the way in which a trait is expressed.

question

unconditional positive regard

answer

positive regard that is given without conditions or strings attached.

question

unconscious mind

answer

level of the mind in which thoughts, feelings, memories, and other information are kept that are not easily or voluntarily brought into consciousness.

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