Chapter 13 PSY 311 – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Prejudice
answer
a hostile or negative attitude toward people in a distinguishable group, based solely on their membership in that group
question
Stereotype
answer
a generalization about a group of people, in which certain traits are assigned to virtually all members of the group, regardless of actual variation among the members
question
Illusory Correlation
answer
the tendency to see relationships or correlations, between events that are actually unrelated
question
Discrimination
answer
unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group solely because of his or her membership in that group
question
Modern Racism
answer
outwardly acting unprejudiced where inwardly maintaining prejudiced attitudes
question
Stereotype threat
answer
the apprehension experienced by members of a group that their behavior might confirm a cultural stereotype
question
Institutional Discrimination
answer
practices that discriminate, legally or illegally, against a minority group by virtue of its ethnicity, gender, culture, age, sexual orientation, or other target of society or company prejudice
question
Institutionalized Racism
answer
racist attitudes that are held by the vast majority of people living in a society where stereotypes and discrimination are the norm
question
Normative Conformity
answer
the tendency to go along with the group in order to fulfill the groups expectations & gain acceptance
question
Out-Group Homogeneity
answer
the perception that individuals in the out-group are more similar to each other than they really are, as well as more similar than members of the in-group are
question
Ultimate Attribution Error
answer
the tendency to make dispositional attributions about an entire group of people
question
Blaming the Victim
answer
the tendency to blame individuals for their victimization, typically motivated by a desire to see the world as a fair place
question
Realistic Conflict Theory
answer
the idea that limited resources lead to conflict between groups and result in increased prejudice & discrimination
question
Scapegoating
answer
the tendency for individuals, when frustrated or unhappy, to displace aggression onto groups that are disliked, visible, and relatively powerless
question
Mutual Interdependence
answer
the situation that exists when 2 or more groups need to depend on one another to accomplish a goal that is important to each of them
question
Jigsaw Classroom
answer
a classroom setting designed to reduce prejudice & raise the self-esteem of children by placing them in small, desegregated groups and making each child dependent on the other children in the group to learn the course material and do well in class
question
________ are generalizations about a group of people in which identical characteristics are ascribed to all members of the group, regardless of within-group variations.
answer
stereotypes
question
________ posits that increased prejudice and discrimination result from limited resources and consequent intergroup conflict.
answer
realistic conflict theory
question
________ refers to the apprehension among minority group members that they might confirm to existing cultural stereotypes.
answer
stereotype threat
question
A benevolent sexist would endorse which of the following statements?
answer
"Women should stay home because they are too precious and sweet to waste on the working world."
question
Conditions under which contact situations reduce prejudice include
answer
multiple contacts, mutual interdependence, and equal status.
question
One reason why logical arguments often fail to change stereotypes is that they are emotion-based arguments. The other reason is that
answer
attitudes are organized such that schema-consistent information is given more attention.
question
Research on the illusory correlation indicates that a correlation is found between minority status and negative events because minority status is
answer
distinctive
question
Stereotypes are beneficial to the extent that they
answer
simplify a complex social world
question
Stereotypes are harmful to the extent they
answer
are overgeneralized to members of a group.
question
The tendency to make a dispositional attribution about an entire group of people is called the
answer
ultimate attribution error
question
A cashier at the store assumes that because his next customer is elderly, she will take a long time to pay. The cashier is using his stereotypes about the elderly and not taking the time or energy to carefully consider each customer in his line as an individual. His use of stereotypes best exemplifies Allport's idea of
answer
the law of least effort
question
A person who believes in a just world would likely believe that a date-rape victim should
answer
have known her date better
question
According to the authors of your text, it is primarily the ________ aspect of prejudiced attitudes that make them relatively impervious to rational or logical arguments.
answer
emotional
question
Alan just met Tina who is from a small rural town in the South. Alan believes that people from the South are narrow-minded, conservatively religious, and prudish. Tina, however, is none of these. What will Alan think?
answer
Tina is an exception to his stereotype about southerners.
question
Alice's three children are driving her crazy. They are constantly squabbling, calling one another names, and generally tormenting one another. To preserve what's left of her sanity, Alice has decided to try to convince the youngsters to get along. She promises them that she will take them to a funny movie if they will work together to clean their playroom in under thirty minutes. Which of the preconditions for reducing conflict does this illustrate?
answer
mutual interdependence and a common goal
question
From a social cognitive perspective, the first step toward prejudice is
answer
the categorization of people into groups.
question
If Julie identifies herself as a woman, a mother, and a teacher, who would not be another in-group member for her?
answer
Bill, an accountant
question
In the past, journalists would routinely report the race of an alleged criminal when he or she was black, but not when he or she was white. This media practice was likely to confirm in some readers' minds the tendency of African Americans to commit criminal behavior. This phenomenon illustrates
answer
an illusory correlation
question
Juliet is Jewish, and is going on a date with a Catholic. "Just don't bring up abortion-you know all Catholics are pro-life," cautions her sister. Juliet's sister is exhibiting the bias known as
answer
out-group homogeneity
question
Lucas reads an article in the newspaper about a man recently arrested for polygamy. "Yuck! That lifestyle disgusts me!" Lucas says with disdain. Lucas is expressing his ________ about polygamy.
answer
prejudice
question
Researchers discovered that many ministers who supported desegregation in Little Rock, Arkansas did not use their pulpits to air their (unpopular) views for fear of losing contributions and church members. This is a real world example of the power of ________ to exacerbate prejudice and discrimination.
answer
normative conformity
question
Shane believes that women are more dependent, more nurturing, more intuitive, and less rational than men. These are examples of Shane's ________ women.
answer
stereotypes about
question
The major difference between the scapegoat theory of prejudice and the realistic conflict theory of prejudice is that the scapegoat theory is applicable when
answer
in-group members target powerless, disliked victims.
question
Tina's dad is a benevolent sexist. He's most likely to approve of which of the following as Tina's choice of major?
answer
Art. He wants her to continue making the world beautiful.
question
Which of the following is an example of discrimination?
answer
Laura scoots over a few feet when an African American sits next to her in a waiting room.
question
Which of the following people is most likely to experience stereotype threats?
answer
an African-American student who believes that he is about to take a test that measures intellectual ability
question
Cialdini and his colleagues (1976) counted the number of college insignia T-shirts worn by university students on the Monday after their teams played football. These researchers found that students were more likely to wear such shirts after victories than after losses. These findings suggest that
answer
in-group identification is a source pride and self-esteem.
question
Even non-prejudiced participants in research by Devine (1989) can recognize such negative stereotypes as "Jews are materialistic" or "African Americans are hostile." Still, non-prejudiced participants do not endorse those stereotypes. This is because the activation of stereotypes is ________, whereas the refutation of stereotypes is ________.
answer
automatic; controlled
question
Researchers (Kunda & Oleson, 1997) presented people with one or two examples that countered people's strongly held stereotypes and found that some people actually strengthened their belief in the stereotype when confronted with such disconfirmations. According to the researchers, this occurred because the people
answer
were motivated by the counterexamples to find even more reasons why their belief held.
question
Suppose that Herman is prejudiced toward members of Group A. Increasing Herman's contact with Group A is most likely to reduce his prejudice if
answer
he volunteers to help build a house for Habitat for Humanity, and several of his coworkers are members of Group A. At the end of the day, he and all the other workers often go out to dinner together.
