Chapter 13: Personality – Flashcards
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personality
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the unique characteristics that account for enduring patterns of inner experience and outward behavior
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id
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according to psychoanalytic theory, the personality element representing basic instinctual drives, such as those related to eating, sleeping, sex and comfort
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ego
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according to psychoanalytic theory, a personality element that works to help satisfy the drives of the id while complying with the constraints placed on behavior by the environment
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superego
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according to psychoanalytic theory, a personality element in charge of determining which impulses are acceptable to express openly and which are unacceptable; develops as we observe and internalize the behaviors of others in our culture
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psychosexual stages
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according to psychoanalytic theory, stages in the development of personality; the stages- labeled oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital- are primarily influenced by sexuality and aggression
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neurosis
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an abnormal behavior pattern caused by unresolved conflicts between the id, ego, and superego
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defense mechanism
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unconscious tactics employed by the ego to protect the individual from anxiety
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repression
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the most basic defense mechanism; the process of keeping unpleasant memories or thoughts buried deep within the unconscious mind
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denial
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a defense mechanism, the process of refusing to recognize an existing situation
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self-actualization
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the need of humans to fulfill their full and special potential, the highest level of need in Maslow's hierarchy
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positive psychology
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an area of psychology focusing on positive experiences and healthy mental functioning
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self-concept
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a pattern of self-perception that remains consistent over time and can be used to characterize an individual
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unconditional positive regard
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acceptance without terms or conditions
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personality traits
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tendencies to behave in certain ways that remain relatively constant across situations
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superfactor
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a fundamental dimension of personality made up of related cluster of personality traits
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five factor model
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a empirically derived modal that proposes five major trait categories: OCEAN
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situationism
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the view that behavior is governed primarily by the variables in a given situation rather than by internal traits
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interactionism
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a view emphasizing the relationship between a person's underlying personality traits and the reinforcing aspects of the situations in which they choose to put themselves
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phrenology
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a method of assessing a person's mental and moral qualities by studying the shape of the person's skull
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social role theory
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theory that gender differences occur because girls and boys develop different behaviors and skills based largely on differences in gender role expectations
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personality disorder
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an inflexible pattern of inner experience and outward behavior that causes distress or difficulty with daily functioning
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personality inventory
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a paper and pencil questionnaire designed to asses various aspects of personality
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socially desirable responding
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tailoring answers on personality inventories to try to create a good impression
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projective test
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a personality assessment device intended to tap a person's unconscious by presenting the person with an ambiguous stimulus and asking the person to interpret what the stimulus means
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In Freud's view, personality forms as the result of the struggle between
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primal needs and social or moral constraints
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Maslow believed that we can learn the most about the human condition by
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studying normal people
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A person who follows rules, is dependable, and checks her work carefully is probably high in which of the Big Five personality traits?
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Conscientiousness
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All of the following statements about personality traits are true EXCEPT
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Traits are stable and consistent over time and across situations
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According to Skinner, what we call personality is simply consistency of what tendencies?
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response
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The Minnesota Study of Twin Reared Apart found that
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genetics was more important than family environment in predicting psychological similarities
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According to research, people who score high on Clark and Watson's disinhibiton dimension are more likely to
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perform more poorly at work and engage in risky activites
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In collectivist cultures, happiness and a sense of accomplishment tend to come from
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harmony in interpersonal relationships
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Personality disorder is best defined as being
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an inflexible pattern of inner experience and outward behavior that causes distress or difficulty with daily functioning
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All of the following are characteristics of projective tests EXCEPT that they
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have a validity scale built into them that guards against socially desirable respinding
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According to Freud, the ___ operates on the reality principle and the ___ operates on the pleasure principle.
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ego, id
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In Freud's theory, the ____ stage of psychosexual development includes identification with the same-sex parent.
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phallic
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Rogers claimed that in order to develop a positive self-concept, we need to accept ourselves and to receive ___ from important people in our lives.
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unconditional positive regard
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A person who frequently experiences negative emotions is probably high on Eysenck's superfactor of ___.
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neuroticism
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The finding that different people respond to the same reinforcer in different ways is problem for the ___ view of personality, leading most researchers to prefer and interactionist approach.
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situationist
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Although research proved it to be incorrect, Gall's theory of ___ was important to our later understanding that particular brain areas have particular functions.
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phrenology
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Some psychologists believe that inhibited children may have an overactive ___, a part of the brain important to the experience of negative emotion.
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amygdala
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According to ___ theory, the gender differences typically seen in skills and behavior are largely due to the division of labor between men and women.
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social role
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A person who is charming and manipulative and who does not feel guilty when he hurts others' feelings or takes advantage of them is likely to have __ personality disorder.
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antisocial
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Test items that are built into a personality assessment to control for social desirability responding are referred to as ___ items.
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validity
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Carl Jung
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collective unconscious: inherited memories shared by all
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Alfred Adler
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social, not sexual, needs and conscious thoughts are critical in personality development
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Karen Horney
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basic anxiety sets stage for later neurosis, culture has a role in development, rejected penis envy
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Abraham Maslow
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humans are basically good and have an urge to grow, hierarchy of needs, led to positive psychology
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Carl Rogers
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humans are fundamentally positive and strive for self actualization
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Gordon Allport
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trait theorist, based work on case studies
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Hans Eysenck
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used factor analysis to form superfactors, biological basis for personality
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BF Skinner
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response tendencies develop as a result of our experience with reward and punishment
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Bandura
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social cognitive theory, reciprocal determinism
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Gilligan
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(men) higher on individuality and autonomy (women) higher on social connectedness
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Hyde
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differences in aggression, motor performance, sexuality, social role theory
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Narcissistic
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highly inflated self importance, 1% of population (3/4 of which are men)
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Antisocial PD
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extreme disregard for others (impulsive, egocentric, reckless, possibly criminal) *more males, caused by environment
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Borderline PD
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mood and self concept instability, 1-2.5% of population (3/4 are females) *emotion dysregulation *low serotonin
