Chapter 13, 15, and 16 – Flashcards
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What type of psychology views the unconscious parts of the self?
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Freudian
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What is another name for Freudian psychology?
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Psychodynamic
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What type of psychology views the self-actualizing person?
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Humanistic
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What is an individual's characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors?
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Personality
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What type of personality theories focus on the inner forces that interact to make us who we are?
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Psychodynamic
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What is another word for the psychodynamic theory?
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Psychoanalytic
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What is an interplay between conscious and unconscious processes?
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Dynamic
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Who was the Vienna psychologist who found out what mental processes operate in the unconscious and came up with the theory of psychoanalysis?
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Sigmund Freud
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What does it mean to be without awareness?
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Unconscious
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What is Freud's therapeutic technique?
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Psycholanalysis
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What Freudian technique encourages the patients to speak whatever comes to their mind?
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Free Association
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What is our rational self that resolves tension between our id?
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Ego
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What is based in biological drives?
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Id
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What is driven by society's rules and constraints?
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Superego
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What type of psychology is the ego, id, and superego part of?
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Freudian
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What is a reservoir of thoughts, wishes, feelings, memories, that are hidden from awareness because they feel unacceptable to Freud?
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Unconscious
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What does the id focus on?
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Erogenous zones
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What is sensitive areas of the body?
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Erogenous zone
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What are the five stages on Freud's theory of psychosexual stage?
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Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, and Genital
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Which of Freud's theory of psychosexual stages was the stage where the pleasure centers on the mouth- sucking, biting, and chewing?
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Oral
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Which of Freud's theory of psychosexual stages in which the pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control?
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Anal
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Which of Freud's theory of psychosexual stages is where the pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with demands for control?
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Phallic
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Which of Freud's theory of psychosexual stages is the one where it is a phase of dormant sexual feelings?
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Latency
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Which of Freud's theory of psychosexual stages in which it is the maturation of sexual interests?
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Genital
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What is Freud's "Oedipus Complex?"
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Boys see their fathers as a rival because they love their mother
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True of False: Freud believed that we are anxious about our unacceptable wishes and impulses, and we repress this anxiety?
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True
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What is retreating to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixed?
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Regression
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What is switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites?
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Reaction Formation
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What is disguising one's own threatening impulses by attributing them to others?
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Projection
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What is offering self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for one's actions?
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Rationalization
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What is shiftinf sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object of person?
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Displacement
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What is refusing to believe or even percieve painful realities?
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Denial
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What are the six defense mechanisms against anxiety?
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Regression, reactions formation, projection, rationalization, displacement, and denial
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Who are some psychodynamic theorists who agreed with Freud's ideas?
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Adler, Horney, and Jung
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Which psychodynamic theorists believed that anxiety and personality are a function of social, not sexual tensions in childhood?
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Adler and Horney
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Which psychodynamic theorists believed that we have a collective unconscious, containing images from out species' experiences, not just personal repressed memories and wishes?
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Jung
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What psychodynamic theorist highlighted universal themes in the unconscious as a source of creativity and insight; found opportunities for personal growth by finding meaning in moments of coincidence?
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Carl Jung
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Which psychodynamic theorist focused on the fight against feelings of inferiority as a theme at the core of personality, although he may have been projecting from his own experience?
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Alfread Adler
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Who criticized the Freudian portrayal of women as weak and subordinate to men; she highlighted the need to feel secure in relationships?
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Karen Horney
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What is a structured, systematic exposure to a standardized set of ambiguous prompts, designed to reveal inner dynamics?
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Protective tests
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What are some problems with protective tests?
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Low validity and low reliability
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What type of psychology is the projective tests part of?
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Psychodynamic
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What are four problems in Freud's scientific method?
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Unfalsifiability, hindsight bias, biased observations, and unrepresentative sampling
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Who were the two humanistic theories?
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Abraham Maslow and Carl Rodgers
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What were the two things that psychologists began to reject?
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Dehumanizing ideas in behaviorism and dysfunctional view of people in psychodynamic thought
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What was Maslow and Rodger's "third force" in psychology?
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The Humanistic Perspective
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True or False: Maslow and Rodgers studied unhealthy people?
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False
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What is focusing on the conditions that support healthy personal growth?
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Humanism
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What is fulfilling one's potential?
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Self-actualization
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Who came up with the Hierarchy of Needs?
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Abraham Maslow
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What is the 3 conditions that facilitate growth to Rodgers?
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Genuineness, acceptance, and empathy
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What is acceptance also known as?
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Unconditional Positive Regard
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What is our sense of our nature and identity?
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Self-concept
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True or false: People are happiest with a self-concept that matches their ideal self
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True
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True or false: Humanists see evil as an individual trait, not a social phenomenon
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False (other way around, humanists see evil as a social phenomenon, not an individual trait)
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True or false: Do humanists think that the pursuit of self-concept and self-actualization encouraged self-centerdness
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False
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What is an enduring quality that makes a person tend to act a certain way?
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Trait
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Who decided that Freud overvalued unconscious motives and undervalued our real, observable personality styles/traits?
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Gordon Allport
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Who wanted to study individual behaviors and statements to find how people differed in personality: having different traits?
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Myers and Briggs
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What is the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator?
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A questionnaire categorizing people by traits
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What is identifying factors that tend to cluster together?
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Factor Analysis
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Who came up with factor analysis?
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Hans and Sybil Eysenck
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What are the four dimensions in factor analysis?
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Unstable, introverted, stable, and extraverted
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What is questionnaire assessing many personality traits, by asking which behaviors and responses the person would chose?
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Personality Inventory
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What are all test items that have been selected because they predictably match the qualities being assessed in questionnaires?
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Empirically Derived Test
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What was designed to identify people with personality difficulties; it consists of true and false questions and these items were selected because they correlated with various traits, emotions, and attitudes?
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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
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Who came up with the "Big Five" Personality Factors?
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Eysencks
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What are the "Big Five Personality Factors" ?
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Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Openness, and Extraversion
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What is self-discipline, careful pursuit of delayed goals?
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Conscientiousness
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What is helpful, trusting, friendliness?
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Agreeableness
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What is anxiety, insecurity, emotional instability?
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Neuroticism
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What is flexibilitiy, nonconformity, variety?
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Openness
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What is drawing energy from others, sociability?
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Extraversion
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True or false: We change less and become more consistent over time.
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True
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Who believes that personality is the result of an interaction that takes place between a person and their social context, involving how we think about ourselves and our situations?
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Albert Bandura
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What is a back and forth influence, with no primary cause?
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Reciprocal
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What reciprocal's influence our personality?
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Internal personal factors, behavior, and environmental factors
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What is our perception of where the seat of power over our lives is located?
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Locus of control
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What is the need to feel that we are in charge of ourselves and our circumstances called?
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Internal locus of control
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What is it called to picture that a force outside of ourselves controls our fate?
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External locus of control
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True or false: With practice, we can't improve our self-control?
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False
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What is declining to help oneself after repeated attempts to do so have failed?
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Learned Helpessness
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What is it called when people are given too many choices that they thrive?
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Personal Control
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Who did the experiment in which a dog was given no chance of escape from repeated shocks?
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Martin Seligman
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What are the 5 ways that someone can be optimistic or pessimistic?
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Prediction, focus of attention, attribution of intent, valuation, and potential for change
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Who developed Positive Psychology?
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Martin Seligman
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What is the scientific study of optimal human functioning?
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Positive Psychology
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What are the 3 pillars of Positive Psychology?
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Emotions, Characters, and Groups/Cultures
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What is the core of personality, the organizer, and reservoir of our thoughts, feelings, actions, choices, and attitudes?
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Self
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What is assuming that people are have attention focused on you when they actually may not be noticing you?
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The Spotlight Effect
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What was the Spotlight Effect experiment?
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Students wore a Barry Manilow shirt to school and the students thought people were looking at them, but they actually weren't
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What is self-absorption, self-gratification, inflated but fragile self-worth called?
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Narcissism
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What are patterns of thoughts, feelings, or actions that are deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional?
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Psychological Disorders
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What refers to a state of mental/behavioral ill health?
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Disorder
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What refers to finding a collection of symptoms that tend to go together, and not just seeing a single symptom?
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Patterns
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What does differing from the normal mean?
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Deviant
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What are the 5 types of anxiety disorders?
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Generalized Anxiety Disorders, Panic Disorders, Phobias, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
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What are emotional-cognitive symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder?
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Worrying and free-floating anxiety with no attachment to any subject; interferes with concentration
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What are physical symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder?
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Autonomic arousal (Trembling, sweating, fidgeting, agitation) and sleep distruption
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What is many minutes of intense dread or terror; chest pains, choking, numbness, or other frightening physical sensations (like a heart attack) and the feeling of a need to escape?
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Panic Attack
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What refers to repeated and unexpected panic attacks, as well as a fear of the next attack, and a change in behavior to avoid panic attacks?
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Panic Disorder
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What is more than just a strong fear or dislike; diagnosed when there is an uncontrollable, irrational, intense desire to avoid the some object or situation?
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Specific Phobia
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What is the avoidance of situations in which one will fear having a panic attack, especially a situation in which it is difficult to get help, and from which it is difficult to escape?
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Agoraphobia
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What refers to an intense fear of being watched and judged by others. It is visible as a fear of public appearances in which embarrassment or humiliation is possible, such as public speaking, eating, or performing?
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Social Phobia
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What are intense, unwanted worries, ideas, and images that repeatedly pop up in the mind?
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Obsessions
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What is a repeatedly strong feeling of "needing" to carry out an action, even though it doesn't feel like it makes sense?
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Compulsion
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What is called when you are deeply frustrated with no being able to control the behaviors?
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Distress
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What is it called when the time and mental energy spent on these thoughts and behaviors interfere with everyday life?
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Dysfunction
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What is repeated intrusive recall of traumatic memories, nightmares and other re-experiencing, social withdrawal or phobic avoidance, jumpy anxiety of hyper vigilance, insomnia or sleep problems symptoms of?
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Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
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What are 2 types of mood disorders?
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Major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder
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What disorder are these symptoms of: Depressed mood mostly of the day, markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities, significant increase or decrease in appetite or weight, insomnia, sleeping too much, or disrupted sleep, lethargy, or physical agitation, fatigue of loss of energy nearly every day, worthlessness, or excessive/inappropriate guilt, daily problems in thinking, concentrating, and/or making decisions, and recurring thoughts of death and suicide?
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Major Depressive Disorder
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What involves a recurring seasonal pattern of depression, usually during winter's short, dark, cold days?
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Seasonal Affective Disorder
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What refers to a period of hyper-elevated mood that is euphoric, giddy, easily irritated, hyperactive, impulsive, overly optimistic, and even grandiose?
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Mania
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What was once "manic-depressive disorder"?
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Bipolar Disorder
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What are the two moods that deal with bipolar disorder?
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Depressed and mania
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How can you reduce depression?
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Adjust neurotransmitters with medication, increase serotonin levels with exercise, reduce brain inflammation with a healthy diet, and prevent excessive alcohol use
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What is it called when the mind is split from reality; a split from one's own thoughts so that they appear as hallucinations?
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Schizophrenia
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What refers to a mental split from reality and rationality?
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Psychosis
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What disorder has these symptoms: Disorganized and/ or delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and diminished and inappropriate emotions
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Schizophrenia
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What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
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Presence of problematic behaviors
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What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
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Absence of healthy behaviors
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In Schizophrenia, what is "word salad" of loosely associated phrases?
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Disorganized speech
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In Schizophrenia, what is often bizarre and not just mistaken; most common are delusions of grandeur and of persecution
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Delusions
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In Schizophrenia, what is difficulty filtering thoughts and choosing which thoughts to believe and to say out loud?
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Problems with selective attention
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What is a facial/body expression is 'flat" with no visible emotional content?
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Flat Affect
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What is sitting motionless and unresponsive for hours?
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Cataonia
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What refers to a separation of conscious awareness from thoughts, memory, bodily, sensations, feelings, or even from identity?
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Dissociation
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What refers to dysfunction and distress caused by chronic and severe disociation
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Dissociative Disorder
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What is a loss of memory with no known physical cause; inability to recall selected memories or any memories?
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Dissociative Amnesia
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What is a state; wandering away from one's life, memory, and identity, with no memory of these?
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Dissociative Fugue
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What is development of separate personalities?
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Dissociative Identity Disorder
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What are the 3 eating disorders?
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Anorexia, Bulimia, and binge-eating
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What is the compulsion to lose weight, coupled with certainty about being fat despite being 15% or more underweight?
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Anorexia
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What is the compulsion to binge, eating large amounts fast, then purge by losing the food through vomiting, laxatives, and extreme exercise?
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Bulimia
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What is the compulsion to binge, followed by guilt and depression?
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Binge-Eating
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What is an enduring patterns of social and other behavior that impair social functioning?
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Personality Disorders
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What is the 3 clusters of personality disorders?
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Anxious, Eccentric/odd, and Dramatic
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What does it mean to be ruled by fear of social rejection?
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Anxious
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What does it mean to have a flat affect or no social attachments?
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Eccentric/Odd
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What does it mean to be attention-seeking narcissistic, self-centered; antisocial, amoral?
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Dramatic
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What refers to acting impulsively or fearlessly without regard for others' needs and feelings?
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Antisocial Personality Disorder
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What type of disorder has this diagnostic criteria: Deceitfulness, aggressiveness, lack of remorse, irritability, and irresponsibly regarding jobs, family, and money?
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Antisocial Personality Disorder
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True or False: People with Antisocial Personality Disorder are normally criminals
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False
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What refers to how mental disorders are treated, with the help of the knowledge base of psychology?
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Therapy
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Is this the old way of treating mental illness or the new way: Beating bad spirits out of people, bleeding people out, and letting the spirits out through holes drilled into the skull?
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Old Way
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What is an interactive experience with a trained professional, working on understanding and changing behavior, thinking, relationships, and emotions?
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Psychotherapy
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What is the use of medications and other procedures acting directly on the body to reduce the symptoms of mental disorders?
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Biomedical Therapy
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What approach uses techniques from various forms of therapy to fit the client's problems, strengths, and preferences?
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Eclectic Approach
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What type of psychology uses psychodynamic therapy?
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Psychoanalysis
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What type of psychology uses client-centered therapy?
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Humanistic
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What type of psychology uses therapy using conditioning?
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Behavior
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What type of psychology uses therapy using changing thoughts?
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Cognitive
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Who are the cognitive psychologists?
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Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis
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Who are the behavior psychologists?
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B.F. Skinner and Ivan Pavlov
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What refers to a set of techniques for releasing the tension of repression and resolving unconscious inner conflicts?
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Psychoanalysis
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What two techniques are used in psychoanalysis psychology?
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Free Association and Interpretation
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What is it called when the patient speaks freely about
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Free Association
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What is it called when the therapists suggests unconscious meaning and underlying wishes to help the client gain insight and release tension?
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Interpretation
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What are the 3 problems with interpretation?
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Resistance, dreams, and transference
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What type of psychology emphasizes the human potential for growth, self-actualization, and personal fulfillment?
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Humanistic
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What attempts to support personal growth by helping people gain self-awareness and self-acceptance?
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Humanistic therapy
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What is Carl Roger's name for his style of humanistic therapy?
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Client-centered therapy
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What type of therapy uses the principles of learning, especially classical and operant conditioning, to help reduce unwanted responses?
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Behavior therapy
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What refers to linking new, positive responses to previously aversion stimuli?
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Counterconditioning
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What is it called to expose a feared situation to reverse the reinforcement by waiting for anxiety to subside during the exposure called?
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Exposure Therapy
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What begins with a tiny reminder of the feared situation, that keeps increasing the exposure intensity as the person learns to tolerate the previous level?
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Systematic Desensitization
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What involves exposure to simulations, such as flying or snakes?
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Virtual Reality Therapy
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What are two types of exposure therapy?
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Systematic Desensitization and Virtual Reality Therapy
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What refers to the shaping of chosen behavior in response to the consequences of the behavior?
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Operant Conditioning
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What refers of shaping a client's chosen behavior to look more like a desired behavior, by making sure that desired behaviors are rewarded and problematic behaviors are unrewarded or punished?
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Behavior Modification
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What is used with nonverbal children with autism spectrum disorder. It rewards behaviors such as sitting with someone or making eye contact, and sometimes punishes self-harming behaviors?
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Applied behavioral analysis
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What uses coins, stars, or other indirect rewards as "tokens" that can be collected and traded later for real rewards?
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Token Economy
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What helps people alter the negative thinking that worsens depression and anxiety?
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Cognitive Therapy
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Who came up with rational-emotive behavior therapy?
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Albert Ellis
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What is challenging irrational beliefs and assumptions?
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Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy
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Who came up with cognitive therapy for depression?
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Aaron Beck
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What is correcting cognitive distortions?
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Cognitive Therapy for Depression
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Who came up with stress inoculation training?
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Donald Meichenbaum
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What is practicing healthier thinking before facing a stressor, disappointment, or frustration?
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Stress Inoculation Training
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Who showed how depression is worsened by irrational beliefs? These include depressing assumptions about the world.
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Albert Ellis
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What helps people notice that they are operating on self-defeating assumptions and that they reward themselves for replacing these assumptions with realistic beliefs?
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Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy
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Who helped people see how their depression was worsened by errors in thinking such as catastrophizing ( interpreting current events as signs of the worst possible outcome)
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Aaron Beck
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What works to change both cognition and behaviors that are part of a mental health disorder?
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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
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What are three types of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy?
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Family therapy, group therapy, and self-help groups
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What two types of therapy help with depression?
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Cognitive and Psychodynamic
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What three types of therapy help with anxiety?
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Cognitive, Psychodynamic, and Exposure
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What are two types of therapy that help with phobias?
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Exposure and Behavior
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What type of therapy helps with bedwetting?
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Behavior
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What is it called then a therapist attempts to unlock and reprocess previous frozen traumatic memories by waving a finger or light in front of the patients eyes in order to integrate past and present and left and right hemispheres?
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Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing
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What refers to physically changing the brain's functioning by altering its chemistry with medications, or affecting its circuitry with electrical or magnetic impulses or surgery
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Biomedical Therapies
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What refers to the study of drug effects on behavior, mood, and the mind?
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Psychopharmacology
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What are five types of medications?
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Anipsychotic, Antianxiety, Antidepressant, Mood Stabilizers, and ADHD Stimulants
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Which medication reduces the symptoms of schizophrenia, especially "positive" symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions; They do this by blocking dopamine receptors?
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Antipsychotic
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Which medication temporarily reduces worried thinking and physical agitation and might permanently erase traumatic associations; They do this by slowing nervous system activity in the body and the brain?
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Antianxiety
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Which medication improves mood and control over depressing and anxious thoughts; They do this by increasing levels of serotonin at synapses by inhibiting reuptake and possible neurogenesis?
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Antidepressant
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Which medication has these side effects: Obesity, diabetes, and movement problems ( sluggishness, twitching, or eventually tardive dyskinesia-- odd facial/ tongue and body movements)
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Antipsychotic
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Which medication has these side effects: Slowed thinking, reduced learning, dependence, and withdrawl
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Antianxiety
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Which medication has these side effects: Dry mouth, constipation, and reduced sexual desire and/or response
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Antidepressant
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What medications reduces the "highs" of mania as well as reduce the depressive "lows"; They do this by under investigation?
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Mood Stabilizers
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What medication helps control impulses and reduce distractibility and the need for stimulation including fidgeting; They do this by blocking reuptake of dopamine from synapes
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ADHD Stimulants
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What medication has these side effects: Various; blood levels must be monitored
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Mood Stabilizers
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What medication has these side effects: Decreased appetite
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ADHD Stimulants
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What type of therapy induces a mild seizure that disrupts severe depression for some people?
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Electroconvulsive Therapy
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What type of therapy uses implanted electrodes?
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Deep Brain Stimulation
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What destroys the connections between the frontal lobes and the rest of the brain and decreases depression, but also destroys initiative, judgement, ad cognition?
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Lobotomy
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What might work by disrupting problematic neural networks involved with aggression or obsessive-compulsive disorder?
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Microsurgery
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What are two types of Psychosurgery?
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Microsurgery and Lobotomy
