Chapter 12 Reducing risk of Cardiovascular disease and cancer – Flashcards
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what is cardiovascular disease
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a disease of the heart and blood vessels
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what percent of deaths does CVD cause in the US
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33%
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2/3 of people with what are from cardio vascular disease
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diabetes
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what is the best way against CVD
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prevent it from happening in the first place
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what is the build up of plaque
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atherosclerosis
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how do you prevent atherosclerosis
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exercise, eat right
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what is the hardening of arteries
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arteriosclerosis
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atherosclerosis occurring in the lower extremities, such as in the feet, calves, or legs or in the arms (DVTs) is know as what
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peripheral artery disease (PAD)
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what is a reduced supply of oxygen to a body part or organ
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ischemia
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what is the greatest killer, accounting for nearly 1 in 6 deaths in the US
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heart attacks or coronary heart disease
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what is another word for heart attack
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myocardial infarction (MI)
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an MI involves an area of the heart that suffers _____________ because its normal blood supply has been _________
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permanent damage/ blocked
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what are risk factors for heart attacks and CVD
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high blood pressure high cholesterol diabetes depression obesity
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what are some things that make you at risk
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smoking eat a poor diet don't exercise drink alcohol excessively
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up to 30% of people having a heart attack don't
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have chest pain
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what is angina pectoris
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chest pain
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people with ischemia often suffer from what
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angina pectoris
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how many minutes in the rule for chest pain
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10
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what is an arrhythmia
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irregular heart rhythm
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what is an abnormally fat heartbeat
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tachycardia
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what is an abnormally slow heartbeat
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bradycardia
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atrial fibrillation is a type of
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arrhythmia
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there are about 670,000 new cases of what each year
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congestive heart failure
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what is another word for stroke
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cerebrovascular accident
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about how many americans suffer from a stoke every year
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7 million
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about how many people die from a stroke every year
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129,000
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what is happening during a stroke
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blood supply to the brain in interrupted
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what are the major types of strokes
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ischemic (thrombus) (85%) hemorrhagic (aneurysm) (15%) transient ischemic attack (TIA)
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what are risk factors of strokes
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age (over 50) taking birth control pills overweight hypertension diabetes heart disease substance abuse
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what are sign and symptoms of a stroke
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-weakness or paralysis of the face, an arm leg on one side of the body -blurred vision (esspecially one eye) -problems speaking or understanding -dizziness or loss of balance -sudden, severe and unexplained headache -deviation of eyes from PEARL look at pupils one bigger than the other
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what is hypertension
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sustained high blood pressure and is often called the "silent killer" because it has few symptoms
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what are some symptoms of hypertension
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headaches nose bleeds
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how many adults have higher than optimal blood pressure
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one in three
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how is blood pressure measures
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systolic and diastolic pressure
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what are some techniques used to detect a heart attack
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Electrocardiogram (ECG) Positron emission tomography (PET) scan MRI Cardiac calcium score (CT) best technique- blood test
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what are some treatments of cardiovascular disease
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bypass surgery and angioplasty
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what has helped patients who suffer from coronary blockages or heart attacks
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coronary bypass
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what uses a balloon to open the artery to allow blood to flow more freely
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angioplasty
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what does the AHA recommend for men over 40 and women over 50
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aspirin
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cancer is the _____ leading cause of death in the US
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2nd
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five year survival rates are ___ dramatically
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up
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each year about ____ new cases are diagnosed
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1.7 million
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__ percent of those will be alive in five years
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68%
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what does remission mean
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the cancer is responding to treatment and under control
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what does being cured mean
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the patients show no subsequent cancer in their bodies and can expect to live a long and productive life
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what lifestyle risk causes cancer
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tobacco use poor nutrition, physical inactivity and obesity stress
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what are genetic and physiological risk that causes cancer
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genetic predisposition oncogenes- cancer causing genes that typically stay dormant but can be activated
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what are occupational and environmental risk that cause cancer
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exposure to asbestos, nickel, leasing base paints, benzene (found in gasoline), and arsenic radiation chemicals in foods
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what can cause liver cancer
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hepatitis B and C
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what can cause cervical cancer
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Human papillomavirus (HPV)
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persistent cough, blood streaked sputum, chest pain, and recurrent attacks of pneumonia or bronchitis are symptoms of what
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lung cancer
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treatment depends on what and includes surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation
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what stage
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if the cancer is localized, what is the treatment of choice
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surgery
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what is a primary risk factor for lung cancer
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smoking or secondhand smoke
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the earliest signs of breast cancer can be detected by what
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mammograms
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what are key to catching breast cancer
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self examinations
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what are some symptoms of breast cancer
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lumps, thickening, skin irritation, nipple discharge, and tenderness
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what is a mastectomy or various types of radiation and chemo treatments for
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breast cancer
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what are risks for breast cancer
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risk increases with age, also family history of breast cancer, periods that began early ad ended late in life, never having children, and sudden weight gain
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what is the third most common cancer in men and women
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colon and rectal cancer
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what are risk factors of colon and rectal cancer
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older age, obesity, family history, and colitis
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what are warning signs of colon and rectal cancer
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blood in the stool and rectal bleeding
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what kind of screening tests can you do to detect colon and rectal cancer
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colonoscopy and barrier enemas (an x ray examination of the large intestine (colon and rectum) with contrast)
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what are the treatments for colon and rectal cancer
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radiation or surgery
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what kinds of things appear to be protective against colon and rectal cancer
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regular exercise, a high fruit and plant based diet, healthy weight, and moderate alcohol intake
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about what percent of colorectal cancers are preventable
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90; third most common cancer
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how many people does skin cancer affect each year
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over 3.5 million
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what are 90% of skin cancers treated with
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surgery
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what are also used to treat skin cancer
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radiation cryosurgery
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what is the ABCDE rule about melanoma
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asymmetry border irregularity color diameter evolution
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having fair skin, blonde, red, or light brawn hair, blue, green or grey eyes all put you at greater risk for what
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skin cancer
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what are other risk factors for skin cancer
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always burning before tanning, or burning or peeling easily using no or low sun protection sunscreen or expired sunscreen previous skin cancer or family history severe burns during childhood
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what is the second most diagnosed cancer in american males today
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prostate cancer (skin cancer is first)
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what is the second leading cause of death in cancer in men
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prostate (lung cancer is first)
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weak or interrupted urine flow, difficulty starting or stopping urination, urge to urinate frequently, blood in urine or pain in lower back, pelvis, or thighs are all symptoms of what
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prostate cancer
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what are risk factors of prostate cancer
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age, race, and family history
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what can help lower your risk for prostate cancer
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eating more fruit and vegetables
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what is the fifth leading cause of death in women?
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ovarian cancer
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what is the most common symptom in ovarian cancer
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enlargement of the abdomen
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what are other risk factors for ovarian cancer
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family history, no children, and use of fertility drugs
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how to prevent ovarian cancer
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using birth control, low fat diet, having multiple children, and regular exercise, also having an annual pelvic exam
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cervical and endometrial (uterine) cancer detection, risk, and warning
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pap tests are crucial for early detection early onset of intercourse; infection with human papillary (HPV) abnormal bleeding
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what is the cause and what age is the greatest risk for testicular cancer
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cause is unknown and ages 15 to 35 are at greater risk
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the ____ cancer is diagnosed, the better prospect there is for survival
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earlier
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how do you detect cancer
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practice self exam and checkups
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what are high tech tools that have been developed to help detect cancer
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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Computerized axial tomography scanning (CT scan)
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what are CAUTION signs for cancer
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C-changing in bathroom habits A- a sore that does not heal U- unusual discharge or bleeding T- thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere I- indigestion and difficulty swallowing O- obvious changes in moles or warts N- nagging cough and hoarseness
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How many new and recurrent heart attacks occur each year?
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Over 1 million
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What factors can't you control and still get cancer?
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Race, ethnicity, age, and gender
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What are cancer treatments?
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surgery chemotherapy radiotherapy researching gene and cell mutations Immunotherapy Cancer fighting vaccines stem cell research
