Chapter 12 Lifespan - Flashcards

question

_____ includes all behavioral characteristics that a society considers appropriate for men or women.

answer

Gender

question

In the hypothetical country of Whoville, only females are allowed to cook roast beast. This best exemplifies a _____ difference.

answer

gender

question

Which chromosome pattern is most common for a female?

answer

XX

question

Which chromosome pattern is most common for a male?

answer

XY

question

Each society generally has a set of expectations regarding the behaviors and traits that are considered appropriate for males as compared to females. These sets of expectations are

answer

gender roles.

question

In the hypothetical country called Ozland, females drive trucks and males drive cars. This indicates that Ozland has

answer

gender roles.

question

The key element of gender-role norms is that within a society, they are viewed as

answer

desirable characteristics.

question

While Charlotte is growing up, she is socialized into believing that a woman should stay home and take care of the children while men go off to work and "bring home the bacon." This message best reflects a

answer

gender-role norm.

question

The defining element of gender-role stereotypes is that they are

answer

largely inaccurate.

question

Mr. and Mrs. Hill have two children, Jack and Jill. They make no bones about telling Jack that he should be an engineer, because men are good at math, and that Jill should be a nurse, because women are good at taking care of other people. Given the fact that male-female differences in math and nurturing are questionable, the Hill's message best reflects a(n)

answer

gender-role stereotype.

question

Overgeneralizations about attributes for each sex are called

answer

gender-role stereotypes.

question

Agency is to communality as

answer

masculine is to feminine.

question

Which is the best example of a communality role in American society?

answer

Caring for a sick child

question

Communality roles are designed to prepare someone to be

answer

connected to others

question

A brain "hardwired" for _____ would always show a high level of sensitivity toward others.

answer

communality

question

"Agency" is defined as the

answer

central aspect of the masculine gender role.

question

The goal of the gender role aspect called "agency" is to prepare a person for

answer

individual achievement.

question

Which is the best example of an agency aspect of gender?

answer

Dominance

question

Baron-Cohen claims that a man's tendency to systemize is the result of

answer

having a male brain.

question

Which trait is best associated with the tendency to systemize?

answer

Exploration of how things work

question

Research on gender-role stereotypes has shown that in the United States during the past few decades, gender-role stereotypes have

answer

changed slightly.

question

With regard to gender stereotypes in the 1990s vs. today,

answer

more women now view themselves as having more agentic traits.

question

The gender similarity hypothesis proposes that males and females are similar on

answer

most psychological variables.

question

If Kirsten believes in the saying, "Boys and girls are more alike than different," she is clearly a fan of

answer

the gender similarity hypothesis.

question

The best summary concerning differences in verbal abilities is that

answer

females appear to have a small advantage.

question

Males out-perform females on tests of mental rotation

answer

throughout the lifespan.

question

Research on gender differences in math ability has shown that

answer

females obtain slightly higher grades in math classes.

question

In what area of mathematics do females show a slight edge?

answer

Grades in math class

question

Which is true regarding common gender stereotypes?

answer

There is consistent research support for the fact that males are more aggressive than females.

question

With regard to actual psychological differences between males and females, research has consistently found that, on average,

answer

males are more physically active.

question

The statement, "Girls are more _____," has received the most empirical research support.

answer

empathic

question

Research on gender differences suggests that girls are

answer

more compliant than boys with authority figures but not with peers.

question

Which of the following tends to be found at higher levels in males?

answer

Confidence in computer use

question

If American children Nicholas (a boy) and Alexandra (a girl) are typical of other members of their sex, then you would predict that

answer

Alexandra would show more interest in caring for an infant.

question

What is the best conclusion about psychological differences between the sexes?

answer

Males and females are far more similar than different.

question

If we identified 100 typical males and 100 typical females and assessed them across a variety of psychological attributes, chances are that about _____ of the observed differences could be attributed to whether the person was male or female.

answer

5%

question

The social-role hypothesis predicts that

answer

gender differences vary from culture to culture depending on the roles men and women hold in each society.

question

Eagly's social-role hypothesis argues that gender-role stereotypes

answer

are driven by the social context in which males and females find themselves.

question

If you believe in the social-role hypothesis, then you would be most likely to argue that the most effective way to change the stereotype of men as dominant would be to

answer

put women in charge of every major business.

question

Which statement about sex differences is true?

answer

Although actual psychological gender differences are small, they make a major difference in a society.

question

A list of the most common occupations held by women in the U.S., would be least likely to include

answer

"doctor."

question

Shawn and Dawn are a typical U.S. couple. What makes them a little unusual is that Dawn works outside the home while Shawn is a stay-at-home dad. Research has indicated that Shawn and Dawn most likely

answer

divide their at-home labor responsibilities along traditional lines.

question

Non-anatomical differences between newborn females and males are best described as

answer

small and insignificant.

question

Adults are asked to interact with an unknown infant. Half of the adults are told that the infant is "Steve" and the other half are told that the infant is "Stacy." What are you likely to observe of these interactions?

answer

Adults are likely to rate "Steve" as strong and brave and "Stacy" as soft and cuddly.

question

At what age do infants first appear to demonstrate cross-modal associations concerning gender information by looking longer at a female face when a female voice is heard vs. when a male voice is heard?

answer

one year

question

The initial awareness that you are either a boy or girl is referred to as

answer

gender identity.

question

For the first time in her life, little Glenda looks at her mom and says, "Glenda is a girl." This statement indicates that Glenda has just achieved

answer

gender identity.

question

Most children clearly demonstrate basic gender identity by

answer

2½ to 3 years of age.

question

The process by which children become aware of the fact that they are either male or female and that there are different cultural expectations concerning the pattern of behavior for the two sexes is called

answer

gender typing.

question

Through her mother's efforts, Olive has just come to realize that she is a girl and has also begun to acquire behaviors expected of girls. This process is best classified as

answer

gender typing.

question

Children appear to learn gender stereotypes

answer

around the point that they become aware of their basic gender identities.

question

Which statement concerning toddlers' understanding of gender roles is true?

answer

Females and males appear to understand gender-based activities at the same age.

question

Who would a typical five-year-old in the U.S. believe to be most competent at their job?

answer

A female assistant

question

With regard to children's views of gender stereotypes, research has indicated that

answer

five-year-olds are more upset by violations of gender-role stereotypes than are nine-year-olds.

question

When asked if it is okay for a boy to play with dolls, Geoffery says, "Absolutely not, it's a rule that only girls can play with dolls." Based on research on gender roles and stereotypes, what age is Geoffery's most likely age?

answer

6

question

What effect does the establishment of a firm sense of gender identity tend to have on children?

answer

They develop more flexible rules concerning appropriate "boy" and "girl" behavior.

question

The establishment of a preference for same-sexed friendships is first apparent by around age

answer

30 months.

question

Spanky, Alfalfa, and the rest of the boys in the first-grade class have decided that from now on, boys will only play with boys and never with girls. This decision provides a nice example of the concept of

answer

gender segregation.

question

Which best illustrates gender segregation?

answer

Seeing one group consisting of all girls playing at one end of a gym and an all-boy group playing at the other end.

question

Which best illustrates the concept of gender segregation?

answer

A "girls only" scout troop

question

It was proposed that young children initially segregate themselves into same-sex peer groups because

answer

their play styles are different from one another, making it difficult for the two groups to play together.

question

Five-year-old Penny draws clear lines between what types of games boys and girls should play and makes every effort to avoid playing with boys like her neighbor Pee Wee. Research has shown that preschoolers with attitudes like Penny tend to be

answer

well adjusted.

question

In the U.S., which eight-year-old would be most likely to be ridiculed and teased by his or her classmates?

answer

A male who identifies himself as a "sissy"

question

Which two groups view violations of gender roles most negatively?

answer

Young elementary school-aged children and adolescents

question

Based on research by Stoddart and Turiel, which two people would you expect to hold the most negative attitudes concerning the violation of gender roles (e.g., a boy wearing nail polish)?

answer

A 5-year-old and a 13-year-old

question

In general, young adolescents

answer

view gender-role violations as a sign of psychological abnormality.

question

Gender intensification involves an increased

answer

intolerance of any deviation from proscribed gender roles.

question

An example of gender intensification would involve

answer

a boy asserting his masculinity among his peers.

question

Gender intensification appears to be driven by

answer

hormonal changes at puberty and peer pressure to conform to gender roles.

question

According to Money and Ehrhardt's biosocial theory of gender-role development,

answer

several critical biological events set the stage for different social reactions to males and females.

question

Biosocial theory views the sex chromosome pattern of an infant (e.g., XX) as

answer

a starting point for biological differentiation of the sexes.

question

With regard to biological differentiation of the sexes, which is FALSE?

answer

External genitalia are fully differentiated by the fourth week after conception.

question

A baby with an XY chromosome pattern

answer

can develop the internal or external sex and reproductive system of either sex .

question

Which biological event directly results in the growth of a penis in a male fetus?

answer

Secretion of testosterone by the testes

question

Which statement concerning the development of genitalia and internal reproductive structures is true?

answer

A fertilized egg can acquire the anatomical and physiological features of either sex.

question

Money and Ehrhardt's biosocial theory of gender typing suggests all of the following EXCEPT that

answer

fetal chromosomal differences (e.g., XX versus XY) are the most important factors in determining gender-role behavior.

question

Androgenized females are girls who

answer

have been exposed prenatally to male hormones.

question

Some individuals inherit an XX chromosome pattern but are exposed prenatally to drugs that are converted to male hormones once in the body. These individuals are likely to

answer

have masculinized genitalia and behave in more "masculine ways."

question

_____ females have external genitalia that resemble those of a boy.

answer

Androgenized

question

What is the most likely behavioral outcome of exposing a female rhesus monkey to testosterone during its prenatal time of development?

answer

It will attempt to sexually "mount" male partners when it reaches sexual maturity.

question

What evidence did Money and Ehrhardt use as the basis for concluding that there is a critical period for the establishment of gender identity?

answer

Sex reassignment before 18 months of age causes few adjustment problems, while reassignment after 3 years of age is very difficult.

question

What "lesson" was learned through the life and death of Money's sex-reassignment patient Bruce/Brenda/David?

answer

Gender identity may not be as pliable as once thought

question

Research on individuals from the Dominican Republic who are raised as girls (due to the ambiguous genitalia) but become males following puberty has challenged the Money and Ehrhardt argument that

answer

socialization during the first three years of life is critical.

question

From the time they are born, twins Johnny (a boy) and Joannie (a girl) are treated diversely. For example, whenever Johnny plays with a truck, his parents praise his behavior. Whenever Joannie shows an interest in a doll, her parents praise her actions. A social learning theorist would likely argue that this _____ will likely lead to distinct gender roles for Johnny and Joannie.

answer

differential reinforcement

question

A social learning theorist would use the concept of _____ to explain how a child watching her mother engage in feminine activities would directly lead the child to acquire a feminine gender identity.

answer

observational learning

question

Research by Morrongiello and Hogg (2004) found that when asked to imagine their children misbehaving in some dangerous way (e.g., bicycling fast down a hill), moms reported that they felt _____ toward their sons and _____ toward their daughters.

answer

anger; disappointment

question

Research by Morrongiello and Hogg (2004) found that when asked to prevent future risky behavior in a child who had misbehaved in some dangerous way (e.g., bicycling fast down a hill), moms reported that they would

answer

not intervene with the boys but would set more rules with girls.

question

In families where parents show clear patterns of differential reinforcement concerning sex-appropriate behavior, children tend to

answer

develop strong sex-appropriate toy preferences.

question

Research on reinforcement of sex-appropriate behavior indicates that

answer

fathers are more likely than mothers to discourage youngsters for playing with gender-inappropriate toys.

question

Which would best fit with the theory that differential treatment by parents negatively influences math skills in a child through the creation of self-fulfilling prophecy?

answer

Parents attribute their daughter's math success to luck and not ability so the daughter becomes convinced that she is not good at math but rather gets lucky on math tests sometimes.

question

Audrey grows up in a family in which her father provides at-home daycare and her mother is a construction worker. A social learning theorist would be most likely to explain Audrey's unusual attitudes (i.e., she loves trucks and hates dolls) in terms of

answer

observational learning.

question

Which type of theorist would be most likely to argue that watching videos in which males are rewarded for sexual violence would directly lead to them engaging in violent sex acts in order to be manly?

answer

A social learning theorist

question

. Five-year-old Emeril loves watching cooking shows on television. Emeril's dad is very concerned that by watching these shows, Emeril will become feminine. Which type of theorist would be most likely to agree with Emeril's dad's concern over the impact of television on gender-role development?

answer

A social learning theorist

question

Research on gender portrayals in of characters in picture and elementary school books found that

answer

female characters are often still portrayed as passive and helpless.

question

In which type of media outlet would you expect to find the strongest portrayal of traditional gender stereotypes (i.e., the aggressive male and the victimized female)?

answer

Video games

question

With regard to gender-role development, social learning theorists have been criticized for

answer

portraying children as passive participants in the developmental process.

question

According to Kohlberg's cognitive-developmental theory of gender typing, gender-role development

answer

depends on stage like changes in thinking.

question

A major theme of Kohlberg's cognitive-developmental theory of gender typing involves a child engaging in

answer

self-socialization.

question

. "I am a boy. Therefore I want to do the things boys do." This statement is reflective of which theoretical perspective regarding gender-role development?

answer

Cognitive-developmental theory

question

For Kohlberg, the outcome of the three childhood stages of gender development is the acquisition of gender

answer

constancy.

question

According to cognitive-developmental theory, the initial phase of gender identity is established around age 2 or 3, when a child

answer

recognizes that they are a male or female.

question

Which statement indicates that a child is in Kohlberg's initial basic gender identity stage of development?

answer

"I am a girl."

question

Whose statement indicates an understanding of gender stability?

answer

Tom, who says "Once a boy always a boy."

question

Gender stability is defined as understanding that

answer

gender is stable across time.

question

RuPaul has just come to realize that when a boy dresses like a girl, he does not actually become a girl. In cognitive-developmental theory, RuPaul appears to have just acquired

answer

gender consistency.

question

According to the cognitive-developmental perspective of gender typing, which is the most mature understanding?

answer

Understanding that gender is stable across situations

question

The Piagetian stage of _____ appears to be most directly linked to the acquisition of gender consistency.

answer

concrete-operational thought

question

The most common criticism of Kohlberg's cognitive-developmental explanation of gender typing is that

answer

children often acquire gender-typed behaviors and preferences before they acquire gender stability and consistency.

question

Martin and Halverson's gender schema model suggests that

answer

children are intrinsically interested in learning about objects or activities that fit their own-sex schemas.

question

A major difference between Kohlberg's cognitive-developmental theory and Martin and Halverson's gender-schema theory is that gender typing in the gender-schema theory

answer

begins as soon as children acquire gender identity at around two to three years of age.

question

Gender schemata

answer

influence what people pay attention to and remember regarding gender.

question

The basic premise of gender-schema theory is that children actively seek objects and/or activities that

answer

match their own-sex schemata.

question

Which is the best example of an in-group-out-group gender schema?

answer

Boys can fight, but girls should play nice.

question

Four-year-old Austin believes that only girls can be nurses. At his next check-up, he happens to be seen by a male nurse. According to gender-schema theory, if a week later you were to ask Austin if boys can be nurses, his answer would most likely be

answer

"No."

question

According to gender-schema theory, if four-year-old Ginny (who classifies herself as a girl) believes that jumping rope is a "girl thing" and playing football is a "boy thing," then she would most likely

answer

think that jumping rope is for her (even if she has never done it in the past).

question

If Zsa Zsa argues that gender schemas are the key to gender acquisition, she is best characterized as a taking a _____ perspective.

answer

cognitive

question

On which of the following point do most theories of gender-role development agree?

answer

Gender roles that children develop depend on an interaction between biological factors and what their society offers in terms of gender models.

question

In general, gender roles

answer

become more traditional and differentiated in a married couple following the birth of a child.

question

Which statement concerning gender roles in adulthood is FALSE?

answer

In families where both parents work, the division of housework is 50-50.

question

Androgyny refers to individuals who are

answer

high in masculine traits and high in feminine traits.

question

An androgynous person would have a _____ agentic score and a _____ communal score.

answer

high; high

question

On a personality test, Burt scores very low on both the agentic and communal scales. As such, he is best classified as

answer

undifferentiated.

question

How would you demonstrate androgyny?

answer

Be both assertive and compassionate.

question

Most college students believe that the ideal person has a(n) _____ gender type.

answer

androgynous

question

Sarah is an eight-year-old female who displays many male traits. What is the most likely peer reaction to Sarah?

answer

Rejection

question

The theory that becoming parents pressures males to be more "masculine" and females to be more "feminine" is referred to as the

answer

parental imperative.

question

Gutmann's hypothesis regarding the "parental imperative" suggests that

answer

becoming parents pressures males to be more "masculine" and females to be more "feminine."

question

Prior to the birth of their first child, Ward and June have very strong gender-role orientation. Ward, the father, is extremely masculine while June, the mother, is extremely feminine. According to the "parental imperative," what would you expect to happen to Ward and June's gender roles following the birth of their first son, Wally?

answer

There will be little change in their gender roles.

question

According to the concept of androgyny shift,

answer

during midlife, people begin to adopt some of the gender traits associated with the opposite sex.

question

When he became a grandfather, Lorne retained his masculine traits but also became more nurturing and learned to cook. This best exemplifies the concept of

answer

androgyny shift.

question

Observations of infants and infant sexuality suggest all of the following EXCEPT that

answer

they actively seek sexual contact with other infants.

question

Which of the following is true regarding children's knowledge of sex and reproduction?

answer

Children's level of understanding is linked to their cognitive development.

question

According to Freud, during the school-age years, children who all been previously sexually active enter a latency period in which they repress their sexuality. Research has demonstrated that this conceptualization is

answer

off target, as children's early sexual activity appears to continue during the school-age years.

question

Research supports all of the following EXCEPT that

answer

sexual behavior in puberty is best conceptualized as being solely driven by hormones.

question

Research on children who are victims of sexual abuse has indicated that

answer

some victims can experience symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder.

question

How many of the following (flashbacks to the traumatizing events, feelings of helplessness, feelings of extreme euphoria) are characteristic of an individual experiencing posttraumatic stress disorder?

answer

2

question

The impact of sexual abuse appears to be most severe when the abuse was a

answer

frequent, long-term event involving a close relative.

question

Which statement concerning the establishment of one's sexual orientation is true?

answer

Homosexual experimentation is fairly common during adolescence.

question

Twin studies on sexual orientation show that

answer

genetic and environmental influences appear about equally responsible for sexual orientation.

question

Research on sexual orientation indicates that

answer

consistent, strong cross-sex interests in late childhood may predict later homosexual or bisexual orientation.

question

One promising theory is that _____ influences during prenatal development are responsible for determining your sexual orientation.

answer

hormonal

question

Most teens in the U.S. believe that

answer

sex, in the context of a committed relationship is acceptable, but casual sex is much less acceptable.

question

Which best illustrates the underlying premise of the double standard?

answer

What's okay for him is not okay for her.

question

When discussing sex with his buddies, Hef says, "The key is to understand that normal guys want and need sex, whereas girls who want sex are immoral and corrupt." Hef's comments best exemplify the concept of

answer

the double standard.

question

Research on 12th-graders indicates that

answer

both males and females tend to be sexually active (i.e., have had at least one sexual encounter) and are so at similar rates.

question

Which statement concerning current teen sexuality is the United States is true?

answer

Teens tend to view oral sex as significantly less "intimate" than did their parents' generation.

question

A 2007 study of college students found that about _____ agreed that they "had sex" when they engaged in oral-genital stimulation.

answer

20%

question

Research on 16-year-old sexual abstainers, low risk-takers, and high risk-takers found that

answer

low-risk teens were most likely to be involved in romantic relationships.

question

How many of the following (high levels of adventuresomeness, low levels of impulse control, high levels of alcohol consumption) have been shown to increase the likelihood of a teenager engaging in risky sexual behavior?

answer

3

question

Which statement concerning condom use is true?

answer

Adolescent females report less condom use than adolescent males.

question

Which statement concerning sexual activity and adulthood is true?

answer

There has been a significant increase in incidence of sexually transmitted diseases in middle-aged Americans.

question

Regarding sexuality during old age,

answer

sexual activity is most common when a person is married (versus divorced).

question

Women

answer

tend to have a shorter sexual refractory period than men.

question

Which appears to contribute most to the lack of sexual activity among old women?

answer

Lack of a partner

question

What childhood behavior did the authors of the text use as an analogy for the decline in sexual activity in old age?

answer

Riding a bike

Chapter 12 Lifespan – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards