question

______ is the gradual physical decline that is related to aging and during which the body becomes less strong and efficient.

answer

senescence

question

_____ _____ refers to age-related physical changes that have a biological basis and are universally shared and inevitable.

answer

primary aging

question

_____ ___ refers to age-related changes that are due to environmental influences, poor health habits, or disease.

answer

secondary aging

question

Senescence happens after ____ stops.

answer

growth

question

Examples of primary aging are ____ hair, ____, and changes in _____ acuity. Examples of secondary aging include ____, diet, and ____.

answer

grey, wrinkles, visual, smoking, exercise

question

As the brain ages, reactions take ____ and complex memory tasks become ____ because neurons are firing more _____.

answer

longer, impossible, slowly

question

As the brain ages, _____ becomes more difficult with every passing decade and ______ become more difficult to ignore.

answer

multitasking, distractions

question

Losses of the brain are often associated with ___ ___.

answer

life choices

question

Drug abuse, excessive stress, poor circulation (HTN), and viruses all have to do with _____ aging.

answer

secondary

question

Past education, current intellectual activity, exercise, and overall health all promote ______ function.

answer

brain

question

No single variable affects quality of life in middle and late adulthood as much as _____.

answer

health

question

Korsikoff Syndrome is due to excessive ____ use and creates the inability to form ____ ____.

answer

alcohol, new memories

question

_______ refers to the number of deaths each year per 1,000 members of a given population.

answer

mortality

question

______ refers to the rate of diseases of all kinds—physical and emotional, acute (sudden), chronic (ongoing), and fatal—in a given population.

answer

morbidity

question

______ is a long-term difficulty in performing normal activities of daily life because of some physical, emotional, or mental condition.

answer

disability

question

______ is a measure of health that refers to how healthy and energetic—physically, emotionally, and socially—an individual actually feels.

answer

vitality

question

The Alameda study provides evidence of a ____ lifestyle. However, _____ and eating _____ have no attribution to mortality. A _____ lifestyle in early adulthood paves the way to medical dispositions and problems later in life.

answer

healthy, snaking, breakfast, sedentary

question

Notable _____ in cigarette smoking in the United States over the past 50 years. Worldwide trends are ___ encouraging. Variations among nations, cohorts, and the sexes indicate that smoking is affected by ___ ___, ____, and advertising.

answer

declines, less, social norms, laws

question

Drinking in moderation (no more than ___ drinks a day) ____ life expectancy. Alcohol reduces ___ and strokes. ____ "good" cholesterol and ____ "bad" cholesterol and ____ blood pressure. However, _____ peak during this time.

answer

two, increases, CAD, increases, decreases, lowers, addictions

question

Heavy drinking ____ the risk of violent death and is implicated in 60 diseases. ____ drinking signals a problem: About __% of U.S. adults had five or more drinks on a single occasion in the past year. Disproportionate burden of harm in poorer countries because ____ and treatment strategies have not been fully established. This lead to an increase in death before age ___.

answer

increases, binge, 20, prevention, 60

question

Metabolism ____ by 1/3 between ages 20 and 60.

answer

decreases

question

Many adults choose __-calorie, __-nutrient foods. Only __% of U.S. adults eat three daily servings of vegetables. Too many high-calorie foods combined with too little activity leads to ___. Excess weight ____ the risk of every chronic disease (e.g., diabetes). 66% of U.S. adults are overweight; of those, __% are obese and __% are morbidly obese

answer

high, low, 27, obesity, increases, 33, 6

question

Regular ___ ___ at every stage of life protects against serious illness. ____ for long hours correlates with almost every unhealthy condition. Even a little movement helps but more ___ ____(e.g. swimming, jogging, bicycling) is ideal. The connection between ___ and ___ is causal: People who are more fit are likely to resist disease and to feel healthier as they age.

answer

physical activity, sitting, intense exercise, exercise, health

question

Factors that prevent a decline in exercise are ____ and _____.

answer

friendships, communities

question

Well-educated, financially secure adults tend to live ____.

answer

longer

question

Suspected reasons for high SES adults to live longer include: education teaches _____ habits, it leads to high income therefore better housing and ____ ___, and higher _____ which is a protective factor.

answer

healthy, medical care, intelligence

question

_____ is the single largest preventable cause of death around the world.

answer

tobacco

question

There was a decrease in smoking in Canada because they don't allow _____.

answer

advertising

question

In the Harvard Alumni Study 1962, only highly educated ___ ___ were used. This study concluded that an _____ in physical activity during middle adulthood = a ___ in mortality.

answer

white men, increase, decrease

question

General intelligence is represented by the letter ___.

answer

g

question

____ ___ is a construct based on the idea that intelligence is one basic trait that involves all cognitive abilities, which people possess in varying amounts. It cannot be measured ____ but be inferred from various abilities (e.g. vocabulary, memory, and reasoning). Many scientists are trying to find one common factor (genes, early brain development, or some specific aspect of health) that underlies ___.

answer

general intelligence, directly, IQ

question

In cross-sectional research both the U.S. Army and a Study of New England villages came to the conclusion that intellectual capabilities peaked around _____ yrs. old and steadily ____ after that.

answer

18-21, declined

question

Longitudinal data found many intellectual gains through adulthood but ___ cohorts often better than ____ cohorts. Probably due to changes in the _____ (more education, improved nutrition, smaller family size, fewer infections) and NOT changes in innate _____! Longitudinal research is ____ than cross-sectional research but also has problems (e.g. practice effects, high attrition rates).

answer

younger, older, environmental, intelligence, better

question

The ____ ___ is the rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations. It is unfair—and scientifically invalid—to compare __ scores of a cross section of adults of various ages. Older adults will score ____, but that does not mean they have ____ intellectual power.

answer

Flynn effect, IQ, lower, lost

question

_____-____ research combines both cross-sectional and longitudinal designs.

answer

cross-sequential

question

The ____ _____ study in run by Schaie and follows adults throughout their life. A new cohort is added and followed every ___ years.

answer

Seattle longitudinal, 7

question

The Seattle longitudinal study found that people ____ in most mental abilities during adulthood and decline occurs ___ in life (around __ yrs old). Each particular ability has a distinct pattern for each _____.

answer

improve, later, 60, gender

question

_____ _____ is those types of basic intelligence that make learning of all sorts quick and thorough. Abilities such as ___ memory, ___ thought, and ___ of thinking are usually considered aspects of this intelligence.

answer

fluid intelligence, working, abstract, speed

question

_____ _____ is those types of intellectual ability that reflect accumulated learning. ____ and general ____ are examples.

answer

crystallized intelligence, vocabulary, knowledge

question

_____ _____ is valuable in high school and college, as students are expected to remember and analyze various ideas.

answer

analytic intelligence

question

_____ _____ allows people to find a better match to their skills, values, or desires.

answer

creative intelligence

question

_____ _____ is useful as people age and need to manage their daily lives.

answer

practical intelligence

question

____ _____ with compassion is when people try to maintain a balance in their lives by looking for the best way to compensate for physical and cognitive losses and to become more proficient in activities they can already do well (Paul and Margaret Baltes, 1990).

answer

selective optimization

question

A ____ _____ is when someone who is notably more skilled and knowledgeable than the average person about whichever activities are personally meaningful.

answer

selective expert

question

_____ is when a person is more skilled, proficient, and knowledgeable at a particular task than the average person. They do not necessarily have extraordinary _____ ability, and there are two kinds: ____ and ____ guide.

answer

expertise, intellectual, culture, context

question

In _____ _____, experts rely on their past experiences and on immediate contexts and their actions and novices follow formal procedures and rules.

answer

intuitive expertise

question

In _____ _____, experts process incoming information more quickly and analyze it more efficiently than non-experts; then they act in well-rehearsed ways that appear unconscious.

answer

automatic expertise

question

In ____ ____, experts have more and better strategies, especially when problems are unexpected.

answer

strategic expertise

question

In ___ ____, experts are creative and curious, deliberately experimenting and enjoying the challenge when things do not go according to plan.

answer

flexible expertise

question

Denny's model of physical and cognitive aging is a typical curve of ___-_____ changes, shows the effects of ____ of the skill or ability, and shows the underlying age-related ____ curves.

answer

age-related, exercise, delay

question

An example of culture and context in expertise is ____.

answer

handwriting

question

Selective experts are ____ ____ system related. An example would be a ____.

answer

central nervous, typist

question

An example of an automatic expertise would be learning to ____.

answer

drive

question

An example of strategic expertise would be a ____ player.

answer

chess

Chapter 12 – Adulthood Body and Mind – Flashcards

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