Chapter 12 – Adulthood Body and Mind – Flashcards
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______ is the gradual physical decline that is related to aging and during which the body becomes less strong and efficient.
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senescence
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_____ _____ refers to age-related physical changes that have a biological basis and are universally shared and inevitable.
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primary aging
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_____ ___ refers to age-related changes that are due to environmental influences, poor health habits, or disease.
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secondary aging
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Senescence happens after ____ stops.
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growth
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Examples of primary aging are ____ hair, ____, and changes in _____ acuity. Examples of secondary aging include ____, diet, and ____.
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grey, wrinkles, visual, smoking, exercise
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As the brain ages, reactions take ____ and complex memory tasks become ____ because neurons are firing more _____.
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longer, impossible, slowly
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As the brain ages, _____ becomes more difficult with every passing decade and ______ become more difficult to ignore.
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multitasking, distractions
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Losses of the brain are often associated with ___ ___.
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life choices
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Drug abuse, excessive stress, poor circulation (HTN), and viruses all have to do with _____ aging.
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secondary
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Past education, current intellectual activity, exercise, and overall health all promote ______ function.
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brain
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No single variable affects quality of life in middle and late adulthood as much as _____.
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health
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Korsikoff Syndrome is due to excessive ____ use and creates the inability to form ____ ____.
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alcohol, new memories
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_______ refers to the number of deaths each year per 1,000 members of a given population.
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mortality
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______ refers to the rate of diseases of all kinds—physical and emotional, acute (sudden), chronic (ongoing), and fatal—in a given population.
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morbidity
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______ is a long-term difficulty in performing normal activities of daily life because of some physical, emotional, or mental condition.
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disability
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______ is a measure of health that refers to how healthy and energetic—physically, emotionally, and socially—an individual actually feels.
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vitality
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The Alameda study provides evidence of a ____ lifestyle. However, _____ and eating _____ have no attribution to mortality. A _____ lifestyle in early adulthood paves the way to medical dispositions and problems later in life.
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healthy, snaking, breakfast, sedentary
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Notable _____ in cigarette smoking in the United States over the past 50 years. Worldwide trends are ___ encouraging. Variations among nations, cohorts, and the sexes indicate that smoking is affected by ___ ___, ____, and advertising.
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declines, less, social norms, laws
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Drinking in moderation (no more than ___ drinks a day) ____ life expectancy. Alcohol reduces ___ and strokes. ____ "good" cholesterol and ____ "bad" cholesterol and ____ blood pressure. However, _____ peak during this time.
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two, increases, CAD, increases, decreases, lowers, addictions
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Heavy drinking ____ the risk of violent death and is implicated in 60 diseases. ____ drinking signals a problem: About __% of U.S. adults had five or more drinks on a single occasion in the past year. Disproportionate burden of harm in poorer countries because ____ and treatment strategies have not been fully established. This lead to an increase in death before age ___.
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increases, binge, 20, prevention, 60
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Metabolism ____ by 1/3 between ages 20 and 60.
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decreases
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Many adults choose __-calorie, __-nutrient foods. Only __% of U.S. adults eat three daily servings of vegetables. Too many high-calorie foods combined with too little activity leads to ___. Excess weight ____ the risk of every chronic disease (e.g., diabetes). 66% of U.S. adults are overweight; of those, __% are obese and __% are morbidly obese
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high, low, 27, obesity, increases, 33, 6
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Regular ___ ___ at every stage of life protects against serious illness. ____ for long hours correlates with almost every unhealthy condition. Even a little movement helps but more ___ ____(e.g. swimming, jogging, bicycling) is ideal. The connection between ___ and ___ is causal: People who are more fit are likely to resist disease and to feel healthier as they age.
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physical activity, sitting, intense exercise, exercise, health
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Factors that prevent a decline in exercise are ____ and _____.
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friendships, communities
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Well-educated, financially secure adults tend to live ____.
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longer
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Suspected reasons for high SES adults to live longer include: education teaches _____ habits, it leads to high income therefore better housing and ____ ___, and higher _____ which is a protective factor.
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healthy, medical care, intelligence
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_____ is the single largest preventable cause of death around the world.
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tobacco
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There was a decrease in smoking in Canada because they don't allow _____.
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advertising
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In the Harvard Alumni Study 1962, only highly educated ___ ___ were used. This study concluded that an _____ in physical activity during middle adulthood = a ___ in mortality.
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white men, increase, decrease
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General intelligence is represented by the letter ___.
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g
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____ ___ is a construct based on the idea that intelligence is one basic trait that involves all cognitive abilities, which people possess in varying amounts. It cannot be measured ____ but be inferred from various abilities (e.g. vocabulary, memory, and reasoning). Many scientists are trying to find one common factor (genes, early brain development, or some specific aspect of health) that underlies ___.
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general intelligence, directly, IQ
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In cross-sectional research both the U.S. Army and a Study of New England villages came to the conclusion that intellectual capabilities peaked around _____ yrs. old and steadily ____ after that.
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18-21, declined
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Longitudinal data found many intellectual gains through adulthood but ___ cohorts often better than ____ cohorts. Probably due to changes in the _____ (more education, improved nutrition, smaller family size, fewer infections) and NOT changes in innate _____! Longitudinal research is ____ than cross-sectional research but also has problems (e.g. practice effects, high attrition rates).
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younger, older, environmental, intelligence, better
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The ____ ___ is the rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations. It is unfair—and scientifically invalid—to compare __ scores of a cross section of adults of various ages. Older adults will score ____, but that does not mean they have ____ intellectual power.
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Flynn effect, IQ, lower, lost
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_____-____ research combines both cross-sectional and longitudinal designs.
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cross-sequential
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The ____ _____ study in run by Schaie and follows adults throughout their life. A new cohort is added and followed every ___ years.
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Seattle longitudinal, 7
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The Seattle longitudinal study found that people ____ in most mental abilities during adulthood and decline occurs ___ in life (around __ yrs old). Each particular ability has a distinct pattern for each _____.
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improve, later, 60, gender
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_____ _____ is those types of basic intelligence that make learning of all sorts quick and thorough. Abilities such as ___ memory, ___ thought, and ___ of thinking are usually considered aspects of this intelligence.
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fluid intelligence, working, abstract, speed
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_____ _____ is those types of intellectual ability that reflect accumulated learning. ____ and general ____ are examples.
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crystallized intelligence, vocabulary, knowledge
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_____ _____ is valuable in high school and college, as students are expected to remember and analyze various ideas.
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analytic intelligence
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_____ _____ allows people to find a better match to their skills, values, or desires.
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creative intelligence
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_____ _____ is useful as people age and need to manage their daily lives.
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practical intelligence
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____ _____ with compassion is when people try to maintain a balance in their lives by looking for the best way to compensate for physical and cognitive losses and to become more proficient in activities they can already do well (Paul and Margaret Baltes, 1990).
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selective optimization
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A ____ _____ is when someone who is notably more skilled and knowledgeable than the average person about whichever activities are personally meaningful.
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selective expert
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_____ is when a person is more skilled, proficient, and knowledgeable at a particular task than the average person. They do not necessarily have extraordinary _____ ability, and there are two kinds: ____ and ____ guide.
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expertise, intellectual, culture, context
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In _____ _____, experts rely on their past experiences and on immediate contexts and their actions and novices follow formal procedures and rules.
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intuitive expertise
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In _____ _____, experts process incoming information more quickly and analyze it more efficiently than non-experts; then they act in well-rehearsed ways that appear unconscious.
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automatic expertise
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In ____ ____, experts have more and better strategies, especially when problems are unexpected.
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strategic expertise
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In ___ ____, experts are creative and curious, deliberately experimenting and enjoying the challenge when things do not go according to plan.
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flexible expertise
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Denny's model of physical and cognitive aging is a typical curve of ___-_____ changes, shows the effects of ____ of the skill or ability, and shows the underlying age-related ____ curves.
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age-related, exercise, delay
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An example of culture and context in expertise is ____.
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handwriting
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Selective experts are ____ ____ system related. An example would be a ____.
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central nervous, typist
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An example of an automatic expertise would be learning to ____.
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drive
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An example of strategic expertise would be a ____ player.
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chess
