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crop rotation

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the practice of changing the use of fields overtime

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fallow

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unplanted fields

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three-field system

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crop rotation, third of the land was planted in different seasons with different types of plants

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guild

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a group of workers practicing the same craft, who have joined together to protect their economic interest

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mendictant order

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founded to fight heresy and to preach to ordinary people

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university

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Schools or group of schools that train scholars at the highest levels

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natural law

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Does not change over time or from one society to another

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Hundred Years' war

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The conflict between England and France that lasted from 1347 to 1453

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Bubonic plague

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A deadly infection

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Black death

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This is what is was called after the bubonic plague

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Peasants' revolt

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Where peasants started to kill lords and burn down manors

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What did peasants find in towns that they did not have much of in the fields?Give 2 examples

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More opportunities, better life, markets to sell good

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Why was there a population growth in Europe during the High Middle Ages?

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increase if food supply bc of improvements in agriculture

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What is the High Middle Ages?

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period from 1000-1300 - population grew steadily

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Give 3 reasons for this growth and explain.

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the plow, the horse, crop rotation

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What did people do with the extra agricultural products they grew?

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traded crops they grew for crops they couldn't or didn't grow traded them or sold them for other products

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Who helped farming expand in Middle Ages Europe? (It's not farmers)

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monks

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What food did the growing population of Europe depend on the most?

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grains

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What 2 things grew because of population growth and advances in farming? Give examples.

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trade - trading surplus crop for another industry - trade goods- clothes

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What new industries came out of this growth and advancement?

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textiles merchants

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What is a guild

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a group of workers practicing the same craft who have joined together to protect their economic interest

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What did it do?

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protected workers and their families, pay for funerals, care for their families, some provided free school, financed building programs

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What did towns offer peasants?

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freedom and opportunities

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How did this change feudalism? Be specific

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it greatly weakened feudalism because the peasants were leaving the manors

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What shaped life in the Middle Ages?

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religion

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What other name was the Middle Ages called beside the Dark Ages?

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Age of Faith Age of Confidence

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What religion was predominant in the Middle Ages in Europe?

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Christianity

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Other than religion, what were monasteries the center of?

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agriculture productions

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What is a mendicant order?

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new forms of religious beggars who owned no property, they preached to ordinary people, and were formed to fight heresy

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What is heresy?

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what the church did not believe in

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What influence did religion have on drama

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mystery church plays revived drama

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What influence did religion have on architecture?

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gothic that combine religious symbols with engineering

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Who was Thomas Aquinas

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a medieval scholar and professor from Paris

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What did he believe in?

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he believed in natural law - that does not change over time and guided by human reason

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What effect did the church aim to have on medieval knights?

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shape chivalry with Christian values of generosity, humility, and mercy

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What was one of the main features of the High Middle Ages?

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saw expansion in trade and education universities grew from the churches

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Why was Latin so important to the universities?

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the church preserved the language for learning

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Where did the plague come from?

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Far East - China/Russia

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When did it reach Europe?

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1347

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What did people think was happening?

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the end of the world

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Before this dark time in the Middle Ages, what had Europe enjoyed for 200 years?

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economic growth - good times - feudalism kept the economy going

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What other disasters besides the plague caused hard time in Europe during the Middle Ages?

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famine

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What other disasters besides the plague caused hard time in Europe during the Middle Ages?

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100 years war

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What other disasters besides the plague caused hard time in Europe during the Middle Ages?

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lethal weapons

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What 2 countries were involved in the 100 years war?

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England

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What 2 countries were involved in the 100 years war?

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France

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What started this conflict?

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when Edward the III of England claimed the throne of France

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What effect did the war have on the countryside?

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destroyed crops and caused starvation

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How long did the war last?

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116

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What is one key thing that increased in both countries because of the 100 year war?

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a sense of patriotism because of nationalism

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What was something new about this war?

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a war between nations

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Who won early battles and why?

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English

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Who won early battles and why?

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because of new longbow technology

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What did the French lose that was important in the early battles?

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thousands of soldiers and important members of nobility

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What other new weapons were used in this war?

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guns and cannons

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What did this cause and end to?

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ended the usefulness of a knight

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Who was Joan of Arc?

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she said voices from heaven told her to lead the French army against the English

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Why was she important?

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she led the French army to victory

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What did she do?

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was captured and burned at the stake

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young peasant French girl

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she turned the tide of the war

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Who won the 100 years war?

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France

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What else was attacking the French in the early part of the 100 years war?

answer

the plague

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How many years into the Hundred Years war did the plague strike Europe?

answer

10 years

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Why do they call the Black Death, the "Bubonic Plague"?

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deadly infection caused buboes to covered the body

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How quick does someone die with the plague?

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a few days

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What did the people in the Middle Ages also call the plague at that time?

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the Great Dying

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What was the "known" cause of the plague?

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no one knew

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What were some possible causes of the plague?

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infected fleas on rats possibly

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What ways did the black death spread from Asia to Europe?

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by trading boats

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What ways did the black death spread from Asia to Europe?

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the Silk Road

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Which areas of Europe were first affected by the plague?

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Southern Europe - First Italy, then France, Spain, and England

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What is the ironic thing about how the black death got to Europe?

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it was carried on ships and caravans that hauled Europe's new found wealth, new

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What does ironic mean?

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inventions, foods, clothes, etc

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