Chapter 10: Nuclear Chemistry: Notes – Flashcards
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Henri Becquerel in 1896
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Who discovered radioactivity and in what year?
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the process in which an unstable atomic nucleus emits charged particles and energy any atom containing an unstable nucleus is a RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPE or RADIOISOTOPE
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radioactivity
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when atoms of one element can change into atoms of a completely different element
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nuclear decay
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the charged particles and energy that are emitted from the nuclei of radioisotopes
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nuclear radiation
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a positively charge particle made of two protons and two neutrons
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alpha decay
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an electron emitted from an unstable nucleus
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beta decay
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-a ray of energy emitted from an unstable nucleus -a gamma ray is just energy
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gamma decay
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the radiation that occurs naturally in the environment
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background radiation
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use a gas filled tube to measure ionizing radiation
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Geiger counters
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has photographic paper and radiation causes it to produce an image
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film badge
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the time required for one-half of a sample of a radioisotope to decay (turn into a different element)
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Half-life
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all living and formerly living things contain the radioisotope _______ which they get from taking in carbon from plants
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carbon-14
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the half life of a caron-14
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5730 years
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changing atoms of one element into atoms of another element
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transmutation
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performed the first transmutation
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Ernest Rutherford
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elements with atomic numbers greater than 92 -first one made was neptunium-239
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transuranium elements
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-transuranium element -used to make smoke detectors
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americium-241
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-transuranium element -used for electrical energy generation in space probes
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plutonium
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the bombarding of particles are accelerated to very high speeds
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particle accelerator
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makes up protons and neutrons
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quark
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-the attractive force that binds protons and neutrons together in the nucleus over very short distances, -the strong nuclear force is much greater than the electrical forces among the protons
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nuclear force
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all nuclei with _______ are radioactive
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83 or more protons
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the splitting of one nucleus into two or more
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fission
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the smallest possible mass of fissionable material that can sustain a chain reaction
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critical mass
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nuclear power plants use controlled fission reactions of _________ to generate heat and electricity
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uranium-235
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the process in which the nuclei of two atoms combine to form a larger nucleus
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fusion
