Chapter 1: The Human Body: an Orientation: summary – Flashcards

is the study of body structures and their relationships

is the science of how the body parts function

Major subdivisions of anatomy include: gross anatomy, microscopic anatomy, and developmental anatomy

Typically, physiology concerns the functioning of specific organs or organ systems. examples include: cardiovascular physiology, renal physiology, and muscle physiology.

Anatomy and physiology are inseparable: what a body can do depends on the unique architecture of its parts. Function depend on structure.

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organismal.

1. Integumentary 2. Skeletal 3. Muscular 4. Nervous 5. Endocrine 6. Cardiovascular 7. Lymphatic 8. Respiratory 9. Digestive 10. Urinary 11. Reproductive

All living organisms carry out certain vital functional activities necessary for life, including maintenance of boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, and growth.

Nutrients water oxygen and appropriate temperature and atmospheric pressure.

Homeostasis is maintained by negative feedback. Homeostasis is a dynamic equilibrium of the internal environment. all body systems contribute to homeostasis, but the nervous and endocrine systems are most important.

Receptor(s) Control center Effector(s)

reduce the effect of the original stimulus, and are essential for maintaining homeostasis. Body temp, heart rate, breathing rate and depth, and blood levels of glucose and certain ions are regulated by negative feedback mechanisms.

intensify the initial stimulus, leading to an enhancement of the response. They rarely contribute to homeostasis, but blood clotting and labor contractions are regulate by such mechanisms.

With age, the efficiency of negative feedback mechanisms declines. These changes underlie certain disease conditions.

allow body parts to be located precisely.

the body contains 2 major closed cavities. the dorsal cavity, subdivided into the cranial and spinal cavities, contains the brain and spinal cord. The ventral cavity is subdivided into the thoracic cavity, which houses the heart and lungs, and the abdominopelvic cavity, which contains the liver, digestive organs, and reproductive structures.