Chapter 1: Introduction to Psychology – Flashcards
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SQ3R
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Survey Question Read, Recite, Review
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Scientific Method
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Step1: observe and theorize Step2: Formulate a hypothesis Step3: Design a study Step4: collect data Step5: Apply results to the hypothesis
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Goals of psychology
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Description Prediction Explanation Influence
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Two Types of Research
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Basic Research Applied Research
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Wilhelm Wundt
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Father of psychology
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Edward B. Titchener
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Student of Wundt, Structuralism
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Variables
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Independent- Manipulated Dependent- Measured
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Sources of Bias
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Selection bias, placebo effect, experimenter bias
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Major perspectives in psychology
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behavioral psychoanalytic cognitive evolutionary biological sociocultural
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Schools of thought in Psychology
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Behaviorism, psychoanalysis, Humanistic psychology, cognitive psychology, Gestalt Psychology, Evolutionary psychology, Biological (physiological) psychology, sociocultural
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The information processing theory in cognitive psychology assumes that the human brain
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process information in sequential steps
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A descriptive research method in which researchers use interviews and/or questionnaires to gather information about the attitudes, beliefs, experiences, or behaviors of a group of people is known as a
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survey
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the orderly, systematic procedures that researchers follow as they identify a research problem, design a study to investigate the problem, collect and analyze data, draw conclusions, and communicate their findings are called
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scientific method
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a theory that has______ stimulates debate among psychologists; it motivates both its proponents and its opponents to pursue research related to it
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heuristic value
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Data representing two or more variables can be expressed in a correlation coefficient. The ________ in a correlation coefficient indicates the strength of the relationship between two variables
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Numerical value
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Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding correlational studies?
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correlations are quite useful for making predictions
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Which descriptive research method involves studying a single individual or a small number of persons in great depth over an extended period of time
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case study
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the first formal school of thought in psychology practiced by Edward B. Titchener, was
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structuralism
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when we engage in critical thinking, we exhibit
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willingness to modify or abandon prior judgments
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In an experiment, the ___________ group is used for comparison purposes
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control
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if you encounter an article in a prestigious journal that corresponds to what you believe is true you should
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question it
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____________ psychology is the area of speciality that investigates how the individual feels, thinks, and behaves in the presence of others
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social
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in a 1992 publication, researcher Sandra Graham pointed out that_______ are often over represented in psychological studies
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What college students
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The________ variable is the variable that a researcher manipulates to see if it will cause a change in some other variable
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independent
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the purpose of_______ is to solve practical problems and improve the quality of life
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applied research
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A medical researcher studying the brain chemicals and the function of the nervous system would most likely be involved in which field of psychology
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Neuroscience
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In an experiment, the group that is exposed to the independent variable is called the _______________ group
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experimental
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Psychologists pursue four broad goals. Which goal is associated with a study that identifies the intelligence scores for a group of children in an elementary gifted and talented program
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Description
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The first step in the scientific method is to
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observe and theorize
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Following the APA code of ethics, which of the following statements is true about psychological research that uses animals
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discomfort must be minimized
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the final step in the scientific method
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to apply results to the hypothesis
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__________ is the school of psychological thought, practiced by William James, that is concerned with how humans and animals use mental processes in adapting to their environment
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Functionalism
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Dr. Erosa believes that a child's school, friendships, and family life may be just as powerful as biology and physiology in affecting a child's behavior and mental processes, she likely subscribes to what approach
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socio cultural
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Jakob thinks that observable, measurable behavior is the appropriate subject matter for psychology and that environment is a prominent determinant of behavior. What school of psychology does Jakob belong to
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Behaviorism
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Chantal wants to understand the cause and effect relationship between hours spent listening to music and intelligence . The only research method that will allow her to identify this cause and effect relationship is the
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experimental method
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Dr. Davis is not sure the results of her colleagues study are correct so she is going to repeat the study using the same procedures to determine whether the results were a one time phenomenon or the results if a true psychological principle. The scientific name for this process is
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Replication
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The third step of the SQ3R method is
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Read
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Research conducted to seek new knowledge and to explore and advance general scientific understanding is
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basic research
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Which school of psychology believes that observable measurable behavior is the appropriate subject matter for psychology, and that environment is a prominent determinant of behavior
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Behaviorism
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Placebo effect
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The phenomenon that occurs in an experiment when a participants response to a treatment is due to his or her expectations about the treatment rather than to the treatment itself
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Placebo
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An inert or harmless substance given to the control group in an experiment as a control for the placebo effect
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Random assignment
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The process of selecting participants for experimental and control groups by using a chance procedure to guarantee that each participants has an equal probability of being assigned to any of the groups; a control for selection bias
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selection bias
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the assignment of participants to experimental or control groups in such a way that systematic differences among the groups are present at the beginning of the experiment
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confounding variables
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factors other than the independent variables that are unequal across groups
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psychological perspectives
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general points of view used for explaining people's behavior and thinking, whether normal or abnormal
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double blind technique
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a procedure in which neither the participants nor the experimenters know who is in the experimental and control groups until after the data have been gathered; a control for experimenter bias
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Quasi-experiments
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comparisons of groups that differ in exposure to a variable of interest that can not be manipulated for ethical or practical reasons
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cross cultural research
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comparisons of mental processes and behaviors among humans living in different cultures
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control group
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in an experiment, a group similar to the experimental environment but is not given the treatment; used for purposes of comparison
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dependent variable
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the factor or condition that is measured at the end of an experiment and is presumed to vary as a result of the manipulations of the independent variables
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independent variables
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in an experiment, a factor or condition that is deliberately manipulated to determined whether it causes any change in another behavior or condition
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participant- related bias
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a type of bias in which a study's participants are not representative of the population to which results will be generalized
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experimenter bias
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A phenomenon that occurs when a researcher's preconceived notions or expectations in some way influence participants' behavior and/or the researcher's interpretation of experimental results
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variable
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any condition or factor that can be manipulated, controlled, or measured
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casual hypothesis
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a prediction about a cause effect relationship between two or more variables
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experimental method
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the only research method that can be used to identify cause effect relationship between two or more conditions or variables
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correlational method
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a research method used to establish the degree of relationship (correlation) between two characteristics, events, or behavior.
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correlation coefficient
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a numerical value that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables; ranges from +1.00 (a perfect correlation) to -1.00 (a perfect negative correlation)
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representative sample
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a sample that mirrors the population of interest; it includes important subgroups in the same proportions as they are found in that population
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sample
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a part of a population that is studied to reach conclusions about the entire population
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population
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the entire group of interest to researchers to which they wish to generalize their findings; the group from which a sample is selected
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survey
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a descriptive research method in which researchers use interviews and/or questionnaires to gather information about the attitudes, beliefs, experiences, or behaviors of a group of people
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case study
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a descriptive research method in which behavior is studied in great depth
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laboratory observation
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a descriptive research method in which behavior is studied in a laboratory setting
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Naturalistic observation
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a descriptive research method in which researchers observe and record behavior in its natural setting, without attempting to influence or control it
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descriptive research methods
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research methods that yield descriptions of behavior
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critical thinking
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the process of objectively evaluating claims, propositions, and conclusions to determine whether they follow logically from the evidence presented
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sociocultural approach
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the view that social and cultural factors may be just as powerful as evolutionary and physiological factors in affecting behavior and mental processing and that these factors must be understood when interpreting the behavior of others
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neuroscience
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an interdisciplinary field that combines the work of psychologists, biologists, biochemists, medical researchers, and others in the study of the structure and function of the nervous system
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biological psychology
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the school of psychology that looks for links between specific behaviors and equally specific biological processes that often help explain individual differences
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evolutionary psychology
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the school of psychology that studies how humans behaviors required for survival have adapted in the face of environmental pressures over the long course of evolution
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information processing theory
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an approach to the study of mental structures and processes that uses the computer as a model for human thinking
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cognitive psychology
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the school of psychology that sees humans as active participants in their environment studies mental processes such as memory, problem solving, reasoning, decision making, perceptions, language, and other forms of cognition
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positive psychology
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the scientific study of psychological characteristics that enable individuals and communities to thrive in the face of adversity
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humanistic psychology
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the school of psychology that focuses on the uniqueness of human beings and their capacity for choice, growth, and psychological health
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psychoanalysis
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the term Freud used for both his theory of personality and his therapy for the treatment of psychological disorders; the unconscious is the primary focus of psychoanalytic theory
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Behavioralism
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The psychology that views observable measurable behavior as the appropriate subject matter for psychology and emphasizes the key role of environment as a determinant of behavior
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Functionalism
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An early school of psychology that was concerned with how humans and animals use mental processes in adapting to their environment
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Structuralism
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the first formal school of thought in psychology; aimed at analyzing the basic elements, or structure, of conscious mental experience
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Applied research
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research conducted specifically to solve practical problems and improve the quality of life
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basic research
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research conducted to seek new knowledge and to explore and advance general scientific understanding
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replication
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the process of repeating a study to verify research findings
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hypothesis
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a testable prediction about the conditions under which a particular behavior or mental process may occur
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theory
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a general principle or set of principles proposed to explain how a number of separate facts are related
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scientific method
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The orderly, systematic procedures that researchers follow as they identify a research problem, design a study to investigate the problem, collect and analyze data, draw conclusions, and communicate their findings
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psychology
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the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
