Chapter 1: Intro to human geography – Flashcards
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What is human geography?
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Human Geography is the study of human beings and their lifestyles. Example would be various cultures.
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What are geographic questions?
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Questions that force you to think in geographic / spatial terms. Anything that asks: -Where? -How far? -Which direction? -How big? -Why here? Why not there? -What effect does x have on this place? or What effect does this place have on x? -How do these places relate?
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Why do geographers use maps, and what do maps tell us?
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Geographers use maps to: - locate where certain streets, cities, states, countries, continents, and oceans are. - find where we are, where other people are, where certain stores, workplaces, schools, etc. are. -geographers also use maps to find certain things about a certain area (ex. annual precipitation in an area)
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Why are geographers concerned with scale and connectedness?
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Geography can create a language and intellectual space for exploring the meaning, spatiality and contextualisation of what citizenship is, the creation of belonging and connectedness, the injustices of citizenship and non-citizenship.
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What are geographic concepts and how are they used in answering geographic questions?
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Geographic concepts are ways of seeing the world spatially that are used by geographers to help answer their questions. Geographers use these concepts to conduct research to answer their questions. (Ex. of concepts: place, relative location, mental map, perceptual region, diffusion, and cultural landscape)
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human geography
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how people make places, organize space and society, interact with each other, and how we make sense of others and ourselves in our localities, regions, and world.
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globalization
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set of processes that are increasing interactions, deepening relationships, accelerating interdependence across national borders.
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scale
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There are two definitions of it in geography. 1) distance on map compared to distance on Earth. 2) Spatial extent of something
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physical geography
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physical phenomena such as landforms, climate, and environmental change.
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Spatial Perspective
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spatial arrangement of places, how they are laid out, organized and arranged on Earth's surface, and how they appear on landscape
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Spatial Distribution
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what processes create and sustain the particular distribution pr patterns, what relationships exist between different places and things
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geographers
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study human phenomena such as language, religion, and identity as well as physical phenomena.
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medical geography
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study of health and disease within geographic context and perspective. Looks at diffusion routes and distributions of diseases.
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Pandemic
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worldwide outbreaks of the disease (ex. cholera)
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Epidemic
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regional outbreak of disease
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location
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highlights how the geographical position of people and things on earths surface affects what happens and why. Helps establish context within which events and processes are situated. (one of the five themes of geography)
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location theory
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logical attempts to explain the locational pattern of an economic activity and manner in which its producing areas are related and connected to one another. (ex. where should owners build a Super Target? A place that is significantly populated.)
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Human Environment
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binding relationships between humans and enviroment. (one of the five themes of geography)
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region
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an area on Earth's surface marked by a degree of formal, functional, or perceptual homogeneity (sameness) of some phenomenon. (one of the five themes of geography)
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Place
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uniqueness of a location. (one of the five themes of geography)
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sense of place
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infusing a place with meaning or emotion, by remembering important events that occurred there, or by labeling a place with certain character. (ex. home, Battle of Palmetto Ranch- last battle of the Civil War)
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Perceptions of place
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belief or understanding about a place developed through books, movies, stories, or pies.
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Movement
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mobility of people, goods, and ideas across the surface of the planet.(one of the five themes of geography)
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Distances
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measure physical distance between two places
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accesibility
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ease of reaching one location from another
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connectivity
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degree of linkage between locations in a network
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Spatial Interaction
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movement of people, goods, and ideas across geographic space
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Landscape
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the material character of a place, complex of natural features, human structures
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cultural landscape
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visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape (ex. homes, buildings, etc.)
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Sequent Occupence
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notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place.
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cartography
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the art and science of making maps
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Reference maps
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shows locations of places and geographic features. Focuses on accuracy in showing absolute location
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Thematic Maps
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tell stories, showing the degree of some attribute or movement of a geographic phenomena.
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Absolute location
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position or place of a certain item on the surface of the Earth.
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GPS
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Stands for Global Positioning System. The system allows us to located things on the surface of the Earth with accuracy.
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Relative Location
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describes the location of a place in relation to other human and physical features.
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mental map
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a picture of the way space is organized as determined by individual perception, impression, knowledge. (ex. when driving ladies tend to remember places by the landscape around it while men tend to remember the path)
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activity spaces
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space within which daily activity occurs
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generalized maps
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helps us see trends
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GIS
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Stands for Geographic Information System. - computerized data management system used to capture, store, mange, retrieve, analyze, and display spatial info.
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Rescale
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Involvement of players at other scales to generate support for a position on an initiative. (ex. political campaign)
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formal region
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marked by certain degree of sameness in one or more phenomena
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functional region
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particular set of activities or interactions that occur within it (ex. have a political, social, or economic purpose.)
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Perceptual Region
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a region that only exist as an idea and not as a physically demarcated entity.
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Culture
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lifestyle of people, their prevailing values and beliefs
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Culture trait
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single attribute of a culture (ex. wearing a turban)
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culture complex
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related sets of culture traits. "rules"/ beliefs that people follow
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Cultural hearth
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an area where cultural traits develop or originate from which cultural traits diffuse
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Independent Invention
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a trait with many cultural hearths that developed independent from each other
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Cultural Diffusion
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when ideas, people, or goods move across space
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Time-Distance Decay
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declining degree of acceptance of an idea or innovation with increasing time and distance from its point of origin of source
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Cultural barriers
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Prevailing cultural attitude rendering certain innovations, ideas or practices unacceptable or unaboptable in that particular culture
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Expansion Diffusion
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when innovation or idea develops in a hearth and remains strong there while spreading outward
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Contagious Diffusion
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form of expansion diffusion in which nearly all adjacent individuals and places are affected.
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hierarchical diffusion
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pattern in which the main channel of diffusion is some segment of those who are adopting to what is being diffused
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Stimulus Diffusion
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type of diffusion which cultural adaptations is created as a result of the introduction of a cultural trait from another place.(ex. hamburgers in India. In India cows are scared so when introduced to hamburgers they decided to take the meat off and replace it with vegetables.)
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Relocation diffusion
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a diffusion process where the items being diffused are transmitted by their carrier agents as they evacuate the old areas and relocate the new ones (ex. migrating pop)
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geographic concepts
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Concepts that help geographers research and understand questions that they have. It is the ways of seeing the world spatially that are used by geographers for questions.
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Environmental Determinism
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the human behavior, individually, and collectively, is strongly effected by physical environment
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Possibilism
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response to determinism, holds that human decision is a crucial factor of cultural development
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Cultural Ecology
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multiple interactions and relationships between a culture and the natural environment
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political ecology
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area of inquiry fundamentally concerned with the environmental consequences of dominant political economic arrangements and understandings.
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Fieldwork
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the study of geographic phenomena by visiting places and observing how people interact with and thereby change those places
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Five themes
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The fives themes are: location, human-environment, region, place, movement
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spatial
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pertaining to space on the Earth's surface; sometimes used as a synonym for geographic
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remote sensing
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method of collecting data or info through the use of instruments (ex. satellites) that are physically distant from the area or object of study
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Geographic Scale
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relation of features size on the map to actual size (small scale and large scale)
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Small scale
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Large area, little detail
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Large Scale
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small area, lots of detail
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Contour Maps
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shows topography ( height above sea lvl)
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Choropleth Map
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A thematic map that uses tones or colors to represent spatial data as average values per unit data
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Dot Map
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Maps where one dot represents a certain number of a phenomenon, such as a population.
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Density Map
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reveal the number of persons per unit area, requiring a different cartographic technique
