Chapter 1 Human Geography Test Questions – Flashcards
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fieldwork
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the study of geographic phenomena by visiting places and observing how people interact with and thereby change those places
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human geography
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concentrates on patterns of human activity and on their relationships with the environment.
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globalization
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The trend toward increased cultural and economic connectedness between people, businesses, and organizations throughout the world.
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physical geography
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the study of physical features of the earth's surface
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spatial
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pertaining to space on the Earth's surface; sometimes used as a synonym for geographic.
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spatial distribution
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physical location of geographic phenomena across space.
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pattern
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design of spatial distribution
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medical geography
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the study of health and disease within a geographic context and from a geographical perspective. Among other things, looks at sources, diffusion routes, and distributions of diseases.
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pandemic
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spread throughout a wide geographic area; worldwide
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epidemic
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a widespread outbreak of an infectious disease
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spatial perspective
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observing variations in geographic phenomena across space
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five themes
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Developed by the Geographic Educational National Implemention Project (GENIP), the _____ ______ of geography are location, human-environment, region, place, and movement.
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location
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geographical situation of person or thing
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location theory
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a logical attempt to explain the locational pattern of economic activities & the manner in which its producing areas are interrelated
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human-environment
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The second theme of geography as defined by the GENIP; reciprocal relationship between humans and environment.
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region
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The third theme of Geography as defined by the GENIP; an area on the Earth's surface marked by a degree of formal, funtional, or perceptual homogeneity of some phenomenon.
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place
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The fourth theme of geography as defined by the Geography Educational National Implementation Project; uniqueness of a location.
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sense of place
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state of mind derived through the infusion of a place with meaning and emotion by remembering important events that occurred in that place or by labeling a place with a certain character.
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perception of place
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The term for when people develop ideas about areas they have never been, usually through books, movies, stories, or pictures.
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movement
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the act of changing the location of something
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spatial interaction
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the movement of people, goods and ideas within and across geographic space
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distance
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the property created by the space between two objects or points
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accessibility
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The degree of ease with which it is possible to reach a certian location from other locations. ________ varies from place to place and can be measured.
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connectivity
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the degree of direct linkage between one particular location and other locations in a transport network
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landscape
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The overall appearance of an area. Most _______ are comprised of a combination of natural and human-induced influences.
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cultural landscape
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the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape
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sequent occupation
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the notion that succedsive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place each contributing to the cumulative cultural land scape
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cartography
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the making or study of maps or charts.
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reference maps
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shows locations of places and geographic features, maps that show the absolute location of places and geographic features determined by a frame of reference, typically latitude and longitude
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thematic maps
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Maps that tell stories, typically showing the degree of some attribute of the movement of a geographic phenomenon.
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absolute location
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exact location of a place on the earth described by global coordinates
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global positioning system
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a navigational system involving satellites and computers that can determine the latitude and longitude of a receiver on Earth by computing the time difference for signals from different satellites to reach the receiver
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geocaching
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a hunt for a cache, the GPS coordinates which are placed on the Internet by other geocachers
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relative location
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the regional position or situation of a place relative to the position of other places
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mental map
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An internal representation of a portion of Earth's surface based on what an individual knows about a place, containing personal impressions of what is in a place and where places are located.
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activity space
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The space within which daily activity occurs
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generalized maps
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Maps that show general trends, but do not show all cases of a given phenomena. The scale may be too broad to show all information.
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remote sensing
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A method of collecting data or information through the use of instruments that are physically distant from the area or object of study.
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geographic information systems
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A collection of computer hardware and software that permits spatial data to be collected, recorded, stored, retrieved, manipulated, analyzed, and displayed to the user.
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rescale
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Involvement of players at other scales to generate support for a position or an initiative (e.g., use of the Internet to generate interest on a national or global scale for a local position or initiative).
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formal region
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A type of region marked by a certain degree of homogeneity in one or more phenomena; also called uniform region or homogeneous region.
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functional region
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a region defined by the particular set of activities or interactions that occur within it
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perceptual region
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a region that only exist as a conceptualization or idea & not physically demacated enity
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culture
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The sum total of the knowledge, attitudes, and habitual behavior patterns shared and transmitted by the members of a society.
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culture trait
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A single element of normal practice in a culture, such as the wearing of a turban.
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cultural complex
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A related set of cultural traits, such as prevailing dress codes and cooking and eating utensils.
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cultural hearth
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Heartland, source area, innovation center; place of origin of a major culture.
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independent invention
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the term for a trait with many cultural hearths that developed independent of each other
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cultural diffusion
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the expansion and adoption of a cultural element, from its place of origin to a wider area
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time-distance decay
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The declining degree of acceptance of an idea or innovation with increasing time and distance from its point of origin or source.
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cultural barrier
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Prevailing cultural attitude rendering certain innovations, ideas or practices unacceptable or unadoptable in that particular culture.
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expansion diffusion
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The spread of an innovation or an idea through a population in an area in such a way that the number of those influenced grows continuously larger, resulting in an expanding area of dissemination.
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contagious diffusion
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The distance-controlled spreading of an idea, innovation, or some other item through a local population by contact from person to person - analogous to the communication of a contagious illness.
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hierarcghical diffusion
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spread by passing first among the most connected places or people
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stimulus diffusion
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the spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected
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relocation diffusion
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The spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another.
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geographic concept
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Ways of seeing the world spatially that are used by geographers in answering research questions.
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environmental determinism
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the view that the natural environment has a controlling influence over various aspects of human life including cultural development
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isotherm
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an isogram connecting points having the same temperature at a given time
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possibilism
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Geographic viewpoint- a response to determinism- that holds that human descision making, not the environment, is the critical factor in cultural development.
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cultural ecology
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The multiple interactions and relationships between a culture and the natural environment.
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political ecology
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An approach to studying nature-society relations that is concerned with the ways in which environmental issues both reflect, and are the result of, the political and socioeconomic contexts in which they are situated.
