CHAPTER 1 History of Microbiology – Flashcards
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False
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Gene therapy is a modern approach to preventing infectious disease
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he grouped all organisms into only two categories
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Modern biologists had to revise Linnaeus's system of taxonomy because __________.
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bioremediation
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Which of the following fields of modern microbiology is NOT directly concerned with the genetic characteristics of a cell?
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genetic engineering
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Inserting a gene from the hepatitis B virus into yeast so that the yeast produces a viral protein is an example of
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Nightingale, Semmelweis and Lister
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All of the following individuals showed that cleanliness played a role in human disease
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They both explored the use of chemicals in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases
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What did the work of Lister and Ehrlich have in common?
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immunology.
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The study of the body's defenses against pathogens is called
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etiology.
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The study of the causation of disease is known as:
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IV, I, II, V, III
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Put the following events in the history of microbiology in order, from the earliest to the latest: I. Leeuwenhoek observes microbes using a microscope. II. Pasteur disproves spontaneous generation. III. Woese discovers the archaea. IV. Fracastoro proposes that "germs" cause disease. V. Ehrlich discovers the first "magic bullet."
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What causes disease, and is spontaneous generation of microbes possible?
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Which of the following questions largely stimulated the research of microbes during what is known as the Golden Age of Microbiology?
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-the cause of tuberculosis -the cause of anthrax. - development of a method to prove the cause of an infectious disease. -techniques for isolating microbes in the laboratory.
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Robert Koch was involved in research on all of the following topics
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nosocomial
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The term __________ refers to an infection acquired in a health care setting.
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prokaryotes.
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Microorganisms characterized by the absence of a nucleus are called:
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-algae: aquatic and marine habitats -viruses: acellular parasites -prokaryotes: no nuclei -fungi: cell walls
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the following are correct pairing?
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epidemiology.
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The study of the occurrence, distribution, and spread of disease is known as:
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-yeast can grow in sealed or open flasks of grape juice. -bacteria produce acid in grape juice. -yeast cells can grow and reproduce in grape juice. -yeast can grow with or without oxygen.
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the following are the observation Pasteur made concerning the fermentation of grape juice?
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fermentation
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The microbial production of alcohol from sugar is known as
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mushrooms molds yeasts
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The following are the example of a fungus.
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they are the microbes most similar to plants
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the following are characteristic of protozoa
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viral
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The first true vaccine protected against disease caused by a ________ pathogen.
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c, a, b, d
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Put the following steps of Koch's postulates in order: a. The suspected infectious agent must be isolated and grown outside the host. b. The suspected infectious agent causes the disease when it is introduced to a healthy, susceptible animal. c. The suspected infectious agent must be found in every case of the disease. d. The suspected infectious agent must be found in the diseased experimental host.
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True
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Koch's postulates can be used only to prove the causes of infectious diseases.
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Needham
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Which of the following scientists provided evidence in favor of the concept of spontaneous generation?
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The disease is prevented by vaccination
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Which of the following NOT true for both hepatitis B and hepatitis C infection?
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Both can be prevented by a vaccine.
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What do hepatitis A and hepatitis B have in common?
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liver
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What organ is most affected by hepatitis B virus?
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they cause diseases that are diagnosed by finding microscopic eggs in clinical specimens
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Microbiologists study parasitic worms because __________.
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Needham
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Whose experiments seemingly proved the existence of a "life force"?
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They have no nucleus
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How are the bacteria and the archaea different from all the other cellular microbes?
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they are the microbes most similar to plants.
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of protozoa?
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enzymes.
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Proteins that promote chemical reactions in the cell are called
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both infection control and epidemiology
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John Snow's research during a cholera outbreak in London laid the foundation for which of the following branches of microbiology?
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False
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Joseph Lister reduced the incidence of wound infections in health care settings by using chlorinated lime water.
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anthrax
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What was the first disease proven to be bacterial in origin?
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view protozoa and bacteria
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Antoni van Leeuwenhoek was the first person in history to
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syphilis.
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Paul Ehrlich used chemotherapy to treat
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True
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Lazzaro Spallanzani was the first scientist to provide evidence disproving the spontaneous generation of microorganisms.
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protozoa
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The microbes commonly known as ________ are single-celled eukaryotes that are generally motile.
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bioremediation
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The term for the use of microorganisms to restore damaged environments is:
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-Koch. - Pasteur. - Snow. -Fracastoro
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All of the following were involved in developing the germ theory of disease
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fungus
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an example of which of the following types of microbes?
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Bacteria
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The organisms infecting Martin are unicellular and do not have a nucleus. They are extremely small but can be seen with a light microscope when stained. Which of the following categories of microorganisms would they be classified in?
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Epidemiology
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Martin has cholera, a disease that played a key role in good public health hygiene standards. Snow's research into cholera outbreaks in London provided the foundation for what branches of Microbiology?
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molecular biology
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A toxin made by certain strains of Vibrio cholera produce the serious gastrointestinal symptoms and water loss characterized by cholera. The study of that toxin, its biochemistry, and its effect on human cells would be called ______________.
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Linnaeus
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Which of the following scientists was the first to develop a taxonomic system for classifying organisms?
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puerperal fever
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Semmelweis advocated handwashing as a method of preventing which of the following diseases?
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-they are composed of genetic material and protein. -they are acellular. -they are smaller than prokaryotic cells. -they are obligatory parasites
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Which of the following are the characteristic of viruses?
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Pauling
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Who was the scientist who first hypothesized that gene sequences could provide new insights into evolutionary relationships between organisms such as microbes?
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True
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Christian Gram devised a staining technique that divides all bacteria into two groups.
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-they provide most of the oxygen on Earth. -they are a source of food for aquatic and marine animals -the group includes seaweeds and kelps. -they are photosynthetic organisms
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the following statements about algae are true
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Buchner
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Which of the following scientists showed that fermentation does not require living cells?
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False
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The production of human blood-clotting factor by E. coli is an example of bioremediation.
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True
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Fermentation can occur in the absence of living cells.
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developing methods for reducing nosocomial infections.
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The work of Lister, Nightingale, and Semmelweis all contributed to controlling infectious disease by
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fungus
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A microorganism has the following characteristics: eukaryotic, multicellular, has cell walls, and grows in long filaments. What is its general classification?
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he eliminated air from his flasks by sealing them
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Spallanzani's experiments concerning spontaneous generation were not universally accepted because __________.
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Winogradsky and Beijerinck Winogradsky studied the microbial recycling of sulfur in the environment, while Beijerinck studied the nitrogen cycle in bacteria.
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Which of the following groups of scientists did NOT contribute to research in microbial genetics?
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False
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Robert Koch developed a vaccine to prevent anthrax after identifying the causative agent.
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Snow. Lister. Semmelweis Nightingale.
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All of the following individuals were involved in improving public health in the 19th century
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The necks of the flasks he used were bent into an S-shape. The flasks were free of microbes until they were opened. He boiled the infusions to kill any microbes present. The flasks were incubated for very long periods of time.
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the following are the aspect of Pasteur's experiments to disprove spontaneous generation?
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plants and animals
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Which of the following taxonomic kingdoms were recognized by Linnaeus?
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Fleming
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Who discovered penicillin?
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both fungi and bacteria
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The microbial activity of ________ is responsible for the production of various foods.
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fungi are photosynthetic
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Which of the following statements about fungi is FALSE?
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He developed the first microscope
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What was Leeuwenhoek's contribution to the science of microbiology?
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serology
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The term __________ means the study of the blood components that fight infection.
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True
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Walter Reed proved that a virus causes yellow fever in humans.
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antisepsis.
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The term that literally means "against putrefaction" is:
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Aristotle
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Who first promulgated the theory of abiogenesis
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Robert Koch
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Who hypothesixed that a bacterial colony arises from a sigle bacterial cell
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Ignaz Semmelweis
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Who first hypothesized that medical personnel can infect patients with pathogens
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animalcules
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Leeuwenthok described microorganisms as
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an enrionmental microbiolgist
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A scientist who studes tha role of microorganisms in the environment is
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-simple staining technique -use of Petri dishes -first photomicrograph of bacteria
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The laboratoy of robert Koch contributed the following to the microbiology
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Biochemistry
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Louis Pasteur and Eduard Buchner
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-Biotechnology and food microbiology -Germ theory of disease 'Father of Microbiology"
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Louis Pasteur
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Enrironmental microbiology
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Martinus Beijerinck and Sergei Winogradsky
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Etiology First photomicrograph of bacteria
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Robert Koch
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sought a " magic bullet" to destroy pathogens
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Paul Ehrlich
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Discover of bacteria Discover of protozoa
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek
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Developed smallpox immunization " founder of antiseptic surgery"
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Edward Jenner
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developed the most widely used bacterial staining technique
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Hans Christian Gram
