Chapter 1: Evolution of Psychology – Flashcards
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psychology
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the scientific study of mind and behavior
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mind
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the private inner experience of perceptions, thoughts, memories, and feelings
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behavior
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observable actions of human beings and nonhuman animals
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nativism
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the philosophical view that certain kinds of knowledge are innate or inborn
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Plato
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one of first philosophers to struggle with fundamental questions about the mind. Strong proponent of nativism. (nature)
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Aristotle
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one of first philosophers to struggle with fundamental questions about the mind. Strong proponent of philosophical empiricism. (nurture)
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Philosophical Empiricism
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the view that all knowledge is acquired through experience
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Rene Descartes
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french philosopher who said that mind and body are dif things. Mind = immaterial/spiritual substance Body = material substance
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Dualism
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how mental activity can be reconciled and coordinate with physical behavior (ying and yang = mind and body)
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Thomas Hobbes
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british philosopher who said the mind is what the brain does. Brain sets body in motion.
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Paul Broca
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french surgeon who found that damage to a specific part of brain impaired a specific psychological function
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Herman von Helmholtz
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physiologist who developed a method for measuring the speed of never impulse. looked at reaction time from electric shock
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Reaction Time
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amount of time taken to respond to certain stimulus
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-Wilhelm Wundt
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student of Helmholtz. believed that psychology should focus on analyzing consciousness. developed structuralism. primary research involved introspection
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Consciousness
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a persons personal experience of the world and mind
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Structuralism
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the analysis of the basic elements that constitute the mind
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Introspection
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a method that asks people to report on the contents of their personal experience (consciousness)
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functionalism
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developed by William James. the study of the purposes that mental processes serve in enabling people to adapt to their environment
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Charles Darwin
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naturalist who proposed idea of natural selection
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natural selection
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Darwin's theory that says that the features of an organism that help it survive and reproduce are more likely than other features to be passed onto subsequent generations
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Jean Martin Charcot
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french physician interested in hysteria
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Hysteria
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a temporary loss of cognitive or motor functions usually as result of emotionally upsetting experiences
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Sigmund Freud
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physician from austria who said hysteria was caused by painful/unrememberable childhood experiences. he suggested that these memories resided in the unconscious
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unconscious
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part of the mind that operates outside of awareness but that influences thoughts, feelings, and actions
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Psychoanalytic Theory
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developed by Sigmund Freud. an approach that emphasizes the importance of unconscious mental processes in shaping feelings, thoughts, and behavior
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Psychoanalysis
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formed by the psychoanalytical theory. a therapeutic approach that focuses on bringing unconscious material into conscious awareness to better understand psychological disorders.
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humanistic psychology
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pioneered by Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. an approach to understanding human nature that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings
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Behaviorism
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developed in late 20th century. an approach that advocates that psychologists restrict themselves to the scientific study of objectively observable behavior
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John Broadus Watson
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proposed psychologists should instead study behavior - what people do instead of what they say... behaviorism
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Ivan Pavlov
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dog salivating experiment. developed stimulus and response
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stimulus
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sensory input from the environment (bell for dog)
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response
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an action or physiological change elicited by a stimulus (dog salivation)
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Burrhua Frederick Skinner
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rat, food, lever experiment. principle of reinforcement.
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reinforcement
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the consequences of a behavior determine whether it will be more likely to occur again
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Max Wertheimer
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studied psychological illusions and his ideas led to Gestalt psychology
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illusions
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errors of perception, memory, or judgement in which subjective experience differs from objective reality
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Gestalt Psychology
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a psychological approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts
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cognitive psychology
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the scientific study of mental processes, including perception, thought, memory, and reasoning
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behavioral neuroscience
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an approach to psychology that links psychological processes to activities in the nervous system and other bodily processes
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cognitive neuroscience
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the field of study that attempts to understand the links between cognitive processes and brain activity
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evolutionary psychology
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psychological approach that *explains mind and behavior in terms of the adaptive value of abilities that are preserved* over time by natural selection
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social psychology
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the study of the causes and consequences of sociality
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cultural psychology
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the study of how cultures reflect and shape the psychological processes of their members
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APA
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American Psychological Association. Founded by William James and six other psychologists
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Mary Whiton Calkins
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Trail blazer for women in psychology. First female president of the APA in 1905
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Kenneth Clark
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First minority member & president of APA. Focussed on segregation causing psychological harm (1970)
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The word psychology is derived from the Greek words psyche and logos which means
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soul, to study
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Which book, written by William James in 1890, is still widely read and considered one of the MOST influential texts in psychology?
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The Principle of Psychology
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The establishment of the first psychology laboratory by _____ launched the beginning of psychology as an independent field of study
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Wilhelm Wundt
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By asking people to pay attention to and record their feelings and perceptions of an event, Wilhelm Wundt used the method of _____ to analyze the basic elements of the mind
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introspection
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Historical events such as Nazism and the Holocaust helped to shape which subdiscipline of psychology
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social psychology
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To better understand the Nazi atrocities that occurred during the Holocaust, social psychologists began to study
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conformity and obedience
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While some psychologists engage exclusively in conducting research, many psychologists, such as _____, are involved in clinical and other work focused on helping people dealing with family or career issues
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counseling psychologists
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Today, MOST psychologists work:
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in clinical fields
